PREPARATION OF DPR

HYDROLOGY

N. K. Mathur
Director CWC
Hydrology (NE)

Prpeparation Of DPR - Hyd

rology

Base Documents
Guidelines for preparation of Detailed Project
Report of Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects by
Working Group of the then Ministry of Irrigation
(CWC)
(read with Guidelines for Submission, Appraisal
and Clearance of Irrigation and Multipurpose
Projects (CWC) )
Guidelines for formulation of detailed project
reports for hydro electric schemes, their
acceptance and examination for concurrence
(CEA-2007)
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Related Technical Documents

Guidelines for preparation of project estimates for major irrigation and
multipurpose project issued by CWC
Guidelines for Investigation of major irrigation and hydro-electric projects
issued by CWC
Manual on estimation of Design flood (CWC)
CBIP Technical Report No.19 Life of Reservoir (1977) CBIP 89
IS 4890 : Method for measurement of suspended sediment in open rivers
IS 4186 : Guide for preparation of project report for river valley projects.
IS 4877 : Guide for preparation of Estimate for River Valley Projects
IS 5477 : Methods for fixing the capacities of reservoirs.
(Part 1-4)
IS 7323 : Method for determining evaporation from reservoirs.
IS 7323 : Guidelines for operation of reservoirs.
IS 13028 : Guidelines for overall planning of river basin.

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HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS (for

Type of Projects)
Storage

Diversion without Pondage

Diversion with Pondage
Within Year storage
Over the Year storage

Purpose

Irrigation
Hydropower
Water Supply and Industrial
Flood Control
Others (Navigation, Salinity Control, WQ Control, Draingae,
Recharge etc)

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HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS
For Simulation Studies
Water Availability Studies (Inflow series)
Lake evaporation
PET and RF
Sediment Inflows and NZE Revised AC
Water Quality
Low Flow, Ground water recharge etc

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HYDROLOGICAL INPUTS
Design Flood Studies and levels for
Safety of Structure
Flood Control works
Drainage works
Diversion works
Locating structures and outlets in vicinity of
river bank/ reservoir
Tail water rating curve
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Hydrological Studies
Water Resources Assessment
Design flood for structural safety and
Diversion during construction
Sediment load in the stream and life of
reservoir

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DATA REQUIREMENT
River Gauge

10 yrs

Three daily (des- Hourly)

Daily

River Flow
disch

10 yrs

20-30 during High flow

(des daily)

Weekly

Sediment flow
and grain size
composition

3 yrs

Along with disch obs

ditto

Water quality
and salinity

3 yrs

Once in a month with

disch

More
frequ

Rainfall ORG
and SRRG

10 yrs
and

Daily and hourly with

disch

Pan
evaporation

3 years daily

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more

daily

DATA OBSERVATION
As per IS / IMD Standard
Discharge Observation by AV method/ calibrated
(model testing) Hydraulic structures
Reservoir levels in catchment with A-C curves,
withdrawal and evaporations
RF station min 1 per 600 sqkm (150 sq km in
orographic area) 25% SRRG IMD
Hydrometric min 1 per 2750sq km in coastal,
1000 sq km in mountains, 1875 sq km in
between plains hills and undulating lands, 300
sq km in small Islands WMO
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Data Processing
Quality of data
Filling up of short gaps
Adjustment of records
Consistency Internal and external
Data extension and generation
Analysis with Assumption

sample representative of population

homogeneous and random
No presence of trends, jump and outliers

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Data Processing - Statistics

Mean : Annual, seasonal, monthly and
shorter duration
Maxima, Minima, Median and selected
percentile (75%, 90% etc)
Range, Variance standard deviation
Higher Moments skewness and Kurtosis
Continuous record e.g. hydrograph and
SRRG charts
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DESIRED LENGTH OF WATER

AVAILABILTY SERIES
10 yrs for Diversion project
25 years for within the year storage
40 years for over the year storage
Depending upon the predominant
component in complex system

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HYDROLOGY SOME BASICS

Runoff estimation :
As depth(mm/cm/inch)
As volume( Ha-m/ cum)
As intensity ( discharge cumecs/cusecs)
Rainfall Runoff relationship:
o Runoff = rainfall * RR coeffeciant
o Elaborate Water Balance Models statistical
and determimistic
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HYDROLOGY SOME BASICS

Runoff
- Surface runoff
- Sub surface runoff
- Ground water flow
Mathematical equation of Hydrological cycle:
P= E+ R
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Factors affecting Evaporation (Loss

to Runoff)
Meteorological charactersitcs
- Temperature : increase
- Wind : increase
- Atmospheric pressure : decrease
- Soluble salts : decrease
-. Heat storage in water bodies (deep
lakes) : decrease in summer but increase
in winter (No change on annual values)
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Factors affecting Infiltration (Loss to

runoff)
Geological characteristics Characteristics
of soil
Characteristics of catchment surface
Fluid characteristics

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HYDROLOGY SOME BASICS

Factors affecting runoff
Factors affecting Run Off:
o precipitaion Characteristics
o Shape and size of catchment
o Topography
o Storage characteristics

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DESIGN FLOOD
A flood hydrograph or instantaneous peak
discharge adopted for a river control structure
after accounting for hydrological and economic
factors is called Design flood
corresponds to maximum tolerable risk
Project can sustain without substantial
damage to its components as well as people and
property
CAN BE EXCEEDED
Risk of damage is equivalent to probability of
occurrence of floods larger than Design Flood.
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DESIGN FLOOD

Purpose: Safety of project components and affected

people and property in the events of extreme Flood
For safety of dam
For energy dissipation system
Extent of upstream submergence
down stream damages

Proper selection: Additional cost of structures v/s

risk of losses to structures and affected people and
property
Absolute protection: Unrealistic
Increased risk: Unacceptable

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DESIGN FLOOD - CRITERIA

Storage - IS: 112231985

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DESIGN FLOOD - CRITERIA

Diversion Projects - IS 6966: Patt I
Free Board (Water way capacity) 500 year
or SPS
For other purposes - 50 years

CD Works - IS 7784 Part I 1993

Diversion during construction - IS 10084
Part I 1982
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DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS

Formulae Approach.
Empirical
Envelop curves

Statistical approach, commonly known as

Flood Frequency Approach.
Hydrometeorological approach, commonly
known as the Unit Hydrograph Approach

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DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS

Envelop curves - Principle
maximum floods per unit area experienced in one basin
is quite likely to be experienced in nearby basin in the
same region having same climatological and
physiographic characteristics
PMFs estimated by Central Water Commission (and
other organisations) between 1980-91 utilised for
developing envelope curves for PMF peaks.
equation:

Upper envelopes Qu = 1585 A0.35

Average line,
Qav = 398 A0.425
Lower envelope, QL = 100 A0.5

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DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS

Statistical Methods:
combination of numerous factors producing floods are
matter of pure chance and therefore are subject to
analysis according to the theory of probability.
Applied on discharge data either directly observed at the
site of study or estimated by the suitable method
Annual peak flood series excludes all second and
third and so on rankings in the year
Partial duration - all events above a certain
threshold and INDEPENDENT are included in the
analysis
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DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS

Statistical Methods:

Fitting various probability distribution to the sample

and estimation of the parameters of the distribution;

Suitable for extreme value

Have descriptive statistics similar to data set
Does not contradict physical process

applying suitable test to identify the various

distributions which provides best fit; and
estimating the floods of different return period

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DESIGN FLOOD - METHODS

Hydrometeorolgical approach

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SEDIMENTATION STUDIES
Sediment in water:

suspended sediment Measurements done

Bed load sediment -estimated

Depends upon

Type of catchment surface

Flow in stream

Measurements of suspended sediment

Bed load estimated dependent on

Suspended load concentration and texture

Bed material
Taken as percent of suspended load

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SEDIMENTATION STUDIES
Effects
Location of intakes
Hydraulic functioning
Drawing silt load in intakes proportional for irrigation
canal : excluded for power intake

Reduction in storage
Ends economical usefulness
Trapped sediments directly proportional to capacity
inflow ratio Brunes curve/ Churchills method

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SEDIMENTATION STUDIES
Till 1965 all sediment assumed to be deposited in dead
storage (= life of reservoir * average annual sediment load)
Later empirical area reduction method
Full service time 50 years for irrigation and 25 years for Hydro :
Projected Area capacity for that time to be used in simulations
If problem serious (annual loss of capacity >0.5% )
simulations to use area capacity revised evry 10 years
block
Hydraulic operations to remain possible Life of reservoir - 100
years for irrigation and 70 years for Hydro : Projected new zero
elevation for that time to be used for location of inlets to be
above that level
IS :12187 1987 read with IS :5477 part I-IV 1969
CBIP -19
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