Basic Petroleum Geology

The Rocks
ROCK (BATUAN)
A naturally formed aggregate of usually inorganic materials from within the Earth.
Terbentuk secara alamiah yang umumnya material inorganic dari bumi.
IGNEOUS ROCK (batuan beku)
A rock made from molten (melted) or partly molten material that has cooled and solidified. Yang
berasala dari material larva yang telah dingin dan membeku.
METAMORF ROCK (batuan Metamorf)
A rock that has undergone chemical or structural changes. Heat, pressure, or a chemical reaction
may cause such changes. Yaitu batuan beku yang telah terjadi perubahan struktur yang disebabkan
oleh panas, tekanan dan proses rekasi kimia.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK (Batuan Sediment)

A rock made from the consolidation of solid fragments, as of other rocks or
organic remains, or by precipitation of minerals from solution. Yaitu batuan yang
terbentuk akibat gabungan dari material padat, batuan lainnya dan sisa organic yang
kemudian terendapkan.

Basic Petroleum Geology

The origin of sedimentary rocks
erosion

4 basic processes:

Weathering (cuaca)
Transport
Deposition (pengendapan)
Compaction and cementation
(pemampatan dan sementasi)
A sedimentary rock has a long history and has been
subjected to modification by various processes.
Batuan sediment mengalami proses yang panjang dan
mengalami proses yang berfariasi sehingga bentuknya
termodefikasi.

Basic Petroleum Geology

The first process, WEATHERING, produces the materials that a sedimentary rock is
composed of by mechanical (freezing) and chemical (dissolution of minerals, formation of new
minerals [clays]) interaction between atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth surface rocks
The second process, TRANSPORT, moves these materials to their final destination. Rivers
are the main transporting agent of material to the oceans. During transport the sediment
particles will be sorted according to size and density and will be rounded by abrasion.
Material that has been dissolved during weathering will be carried away in solution. Winds
may also play a role. The sorting during transport is important because it is the reason that
we have distinct clastic rock types (conglomerates, sandstones, shales)
The third process, DEPOSITION, of a sediment, occurs at a site with a specific
combination of physical, chemical and biological conditions, the sedimentary environment
Finally, after the sediment has come to rest, COMPACTION and CEMENTATION of the
sediment occur and a sedimentary rock is formed. Compaction is effected by the burden of
younger sediment that gets piled on top of older sediments (rearrangement of particles,
packing, dewatering). Minerals precipitated from the pore waters in these sediments cement
together adjacent sediment grains. Thus, a coherent solid rock is formed.
Source :http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/1425chap5.htm

Basic Petroleum Geology

Sedimentary Rock

Basic Petroleum Geology

Stenos law
The principle superposition
In any succession of strata not
severely deformed, the oldest
stratum lies at the bottom,
successively younger ones above.
This is the basis of the establishment
Of the relative ages of all strata and
Their contained fossils.

Basic Petroleum Geology

Stenos law
The principle of original horizontality
because sedimentary particles settle
from fluids and experience the influence
of gravity, stratification was originally

horizontal and when steeply inclined

must have suffered subsequent disturbance

Source: http://www.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/STUDY/Images/Beach01.jpg

Basic Petroleum Geology

Uniformitarianism (James Hutton)
The present is the key to the past

Ancient deposit

Modern depositional system

Basic Petroleum Geology

Petroleum
Geology
Basic
Petroleum
Geology
Definition
Structural Geology is study the architecture of
rock
Structural Geology is concerned primarily with
the geometry of the rock, whereas tectonics deals
with forces and movement
(Billings)

Basic Petroleum Geology

Type of Structure
Movement and Forces to the rocks create
4 type of structures,
Ada 4 type struktur pergerakan dan gaya yang
terjadi pada batuan
1. Fold (anticline and syncline)
2. Joint or Fracture
3. Fault
4. Unconformity

Basic Petroleum Geology

Plate Tectonic
100 km

Lithosphere

350 km

Cr
us
t

Astenosphere

2883 km

M
an
tle

Core

Liquid
Outer
Core

5140 km
Solid
Inner
Core

(Flint & Skinner)

Basic Petroleum Geology

Plate Tectonic

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Tectonic Setting

Indonesia Position Global Plate-Tectonics

Basic Petroleum Geology

Tectonic Setting

Great Sumatran Fault and Tertiary Basin

Basic Petroleum Geology

Tectonic Setting

Central Sumatra Crustal Cross-section

Basic Petroleum Geology

Tectonic Setting
Kulin Field

Petani Field

Pematang Field

Duri Field

Bekasap Field

Pematang
Structure
Sebanga Field

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Structural Geology - Fold

Fold Mechanism

Basic Petroleum Geology

Structural Geology - Fold

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Structural Geology - Fold

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Structural Geology - Fold

Fold : Anticline and Syncline

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Structural Geology - Fold

Anticline

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Structural Geology - Fold

Syncline
: www.env.duke.edu/ eos/geo41/st.htm

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Structural Geology - Fold

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Structural Geology - Fault
Normal

Strike-Slip

Reverse

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Structural Geology

Joint/Fracture

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Structural Geology Fault

Normal Fault
Fault Geometry
and
Classification

Foot Wall
Hanging Wall

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Structural Geology - Fault

Normal Fault

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Structural Geology - Fault

Normal Fault
www.southalabama.edu/.../ allison/gy480tour.htm

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Structural Geology - Fault

Hanging Wall

Strike Slip Fault

Sinistral
Dextral
Fault Geometry
and
Classification

Foot Wall

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Structural Geology - Fault

Strike Slip Fault

www.geo.cornell.edu/.../ 101images_fall.html

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Structural Geology - Fault

Hanging Wall

Reverse Fault

Fault Geometry
and
Classification

Foot Wall

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Structural Geology
- Fault

Reverse Fault
www.env.duke.edu/ eos/geo41/st.htm

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Structural Geology - Fault
Normal Fault

Strike Slip Fault

Reverse Fault
Fault Geometry
and
Classification

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Structural Geology Unconformity
2. Deformation

1. Sedimentation

3. Erosion/Non Deposition

4. Unconformity

Unconformity

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Structural Geology

Unconformity

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Petroleum System
What is Petroleum System ?
A natural system that encompasses a pod of active source rock and
all related oil and gas and which includes all the geologic
elements and processes that are essential if a hydrocarbon
accumulation is to exist (Magoon and Dow, 1994)

Important Factors in Petroleum System. Faktor

penting dalam sistem Perminyakan:
1) Mature SOURCE ROCK (Batuan Induk)
2) MIGRATION path connecting source rock to reservoir
rock (Pergerakan dari batuan induk ke batuan reservoir)
3) A RESERVOIR ROCK that is both porous and permeable
4) A TRAP And impermeable SEAL

Basic Petroleum Geology

Petroleum System
The five critical risk factors to petroleum
accumulation

IPIMS

Basic Petroleum Geology

Petroleum System
Thought on the efficiency : Just small parts are trapped

IPIMS

Basic Petroleum Geology

Hydrocarbon Origin
Theories of Inorganic Origin
Exclusively inorganic theories of the hydrocarbon origin are
maintained only by a few Russian scientists
- Condensed acetylene (C2H2) to form heavier hydrocarbon
- Bitumen in igneous and volcanic rocks
- Hydrocarbon smog in atmosphere
- Carbonaceous chondrites (meteorites)

Theories of Organic Origin

Widely accepted; grows and become popular
- Chemical petroleum composition allies it with organic materials
- Associated oil and gas in marine rich fossil sediment rock
- Analogy to coal as it is known to originate in terrestrial plant

Basic Petroleum Geology

Hydrocarbon Origin
How the way people simply explain Organic Origin Theory :
Millions of years ago, tiny animals and plants lived in the sea. When they died,
they sank to the bottom and were buried in the sand. Rivers carried more bits
of rock and sand into the sea. The layers of rock and sand were pressed down
so tightly that they formed sedimentary rock. The animals and plants decayed
in the rocks and changed into oil and gas.

Jacqueline Dineen, 1995

Basic Petroleum Geology

Source Rock
SOURCE ROCK are any rocks in
which sufficient organic matter to
form petroleum has been
accumulated, preserved, and
thermally matured
Organic particles are usually finegrained, and will settle out most
easily in quiet-water environments
One of the most important factors in
determining whether an organic-rich
rock will become a source rock is its
thermal maturity
IPIMS

Basic Petroleum Geology

Source Rock
In the early stages of this
alteration, or diagenesis, an
intermediate form of organic
matter, called kerogen, is
formed
Different kinds and
proportions of biological
molecules form different types
of kerogen, chemical
compositions and
types/amounts of petroleum
IPIMS

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Hydrocarbon Migration
- Primary: Expelled from Source Rock
- Secondary : Migrate through reservoir for entrapment

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Seals
Traps must be sealed by impermeable barriers in order to stop the continued
upward migration of petroleum. In the case of anticlines only a vertical seal,
or cap-rock, is required; but faults and stratigraphic traps must be sealed both
vertically and laterally.
Shale is the dominant cap-rock of worldwide reserves and is overwhelmingly
the seal in basins rich in terrigenous sediments, where sandstones are the
dominant reservoir rock.

Basic Petroleum Geology

Trapping Mechanisms

Traps may contain oil, natural gas, or a combination of both, with gas
trapped at the highest level

Basic Petroleum Geology

Trapping Mechanisms

Many stratigraphic traps are limited only by the quantity of petroleum they
contain. Others, however, may be limited by the size and shape of the
reservoir and by lateral lithologic changes.

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Hydrocarbon Accumulation

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Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Differential Entrapment

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Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Differential Entrapment

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Structural Trap

Structural Trap

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Structural
Trap

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Structural Trap

Fault

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Structural Trap

Fault

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Stratigraphic Trap

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Stratigraphic Trap

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Petroleum System Section

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Oil Group and

Migration Routes
Central Sumatra
Basin

Basic Petroleum Geology

Reservoir Rocks
Reservoir Rock
A porous and permeable rock containing oil, gas or water
Most of the prolific oil production and indeed most of the giant oilfields
are in sandstones. Sandstones generally exhibit high primary
permeabilities as well as secondary permeability characteristics. For
example, most of the oil and gas produced in Russia is from clastic
reservoir rocks. Much of the production from the USA has also been from
clastic reservoir rocks. All or almost all Centra Sumatra Basin reservoirs
are sandstones.
But there are some notable exceptions. For example, the Permian Basin of
the southwestern U.S.A., Jatibarang Fm. In West Java are Carbonate
(limestone) reservoirs. Very minor are volcanic and fractured igneous
reservoirs.

Basic Petroleum Geology

Permeability
PERMEABILITY is a measure of a rock's ability to conduct fluids
The unit of permeability is the Darcy. A rock having a permeability of
one darcy allows a fluid of one centipoise viscosity to flow at a
velocity of one centimeter per second for a pressure drop of one
atmosphere per centimeter
q = rate of flow
k = permeability
(P1 - P2) = pressure drop across the sample
A = cross-sectional area of sample
IPIMS

= viscosity of fluid
q = k(P1-P2)A / (L)

L = length of the sample

Basic Petroleum Geology

Porosity

Interconnected

Isolated

IPIMS

POROSITY is the first of two essential requirements for a rock to act

as a hydrocarbon reservoir
It is simply a measurement of the pore or void spaces in a rock
volume of void
Porosity (%) = ------------------------- x 100
total volume of rock
Porosity is often represented by the Greek letter phi ()

Basic Petroleum Geology

Rock Fabric
POROSITY is affected by rock FABRIC. Fabric refers to the way in
which the grains in the sediment are actually arranged:
The way in which the grains are packed
The way in which the various particles are actually oriented

IPIMS

Basic Petroleum Geology

Secondary Porosity

SECONDARY POROSITY is porosity formed within a reservoir

after deposition.

Fenestral
Intercrystalline
Solution (moldic and vuggy)
Fracture

crystalline dolomite

solution

IPIMS

fracture

filled fracture

Basic Petroleum Geology

Porosity vs Permeability
POROSITY is generally unaffected by grain size but
PERMEABILITY increases with increasing grain size and better sort

IPIMS

Grain size

Sorting

Basic Petroleum Geology

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