HVAC Input Presentation by Team ABS Air Tech Gurgaon

HVAC Systems Understanding
the basis
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction to HVAC Systems

HVAC System Types
HVAC Piping System
HVAC Air Distribution Equipments
Fans and Pumps
HVAC Instrumentation and Control
HVAC System Commissioning
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Introduction to HVAC
Systems
This article introduces the heating, ventilating and airconditioning (HVAC) systems. The primary function of
HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable
interior conditions for occupants; well-designed, efficient
systems do this with minimal non-renewable energy and
air, and water pollutant emissions.
Systems
The purpose of HVAC design is both high indoor air quality and
energy efficiency. These dual considerations require an integrated
design
approach. Rigs heating,
ventilation, and air
conditioning
system (HVAC) creates a climate
that
allows for maximum comfort by
compensating for changing
climatic
conditions.
Though more costly to install and more complicated to operate, a

chiller plant offers a number of benefits over a large number of
individual packaged cooling units, including greater energy efficiency,
better controllability, cheaper overall maintenance, and longer life.
Using a comprehensive approach to building design, designers around
the world have succeeded at creating highly efficient air-conditioning
systems that provide excellent comfort at significant savings.
Systems
Heating, ventilating and airconditioning (HVAC) systems

reduce the environmental
impact of rigs/buildings in several
key ways. The most important
function of a HVAC systems is
to provide the rig/buildings occupants
with healthy and comfortable interior
conditions. A carefully designed, efficient
system can do this with minimal nonrenewable energy and air and water pollutant emissions to
minimize the environmental impact.
Cooling equipment that avoids chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (CFCs and HCFCs) eliminates a major cause of
damage to the ozone layer.
Systems
Even the best HVAC equipment and systems cannot compensate

for a faulty rig design. Problems of this type cause inherently high
cooling and heating needs and consume unnecessary resources
and should be corrected if possible. Conservation of nonrenewable energy through an intelligent architectural design offers
the greatest opportunity for savings. The most important factors in
these designs are careful control of solar gain, while taking
advantage of passive heating, day lighting, natural ventilation and
cooling. The critical factors in mechanical systems' energy
consumption - and capital cost - are reducing the cooling and
heating loads they must handle.
HVAC System Types
Types of System Designs - There are several major heating, ventilating, and
air conditioning system types in wide spread use today. These are air
systems, hedonic and steam systems, and unitary type systems. Most
systems in use today fall into one of these categories, or are a combination
or variation of them. Each type of system has advantages and
disadvantages.
Air cooled
Air cooled Chillers
Air Cooled Chiller Advantages

Lower installed cost
Quicker availability
No cooling tower or condenser pump
required
Less maintenance
No mechanical room required
10
Water Cooled
- Sea Water cooled Chillers
- Fresh Water cooled Chillers
11
12
Water-Cooled Chiller advantages
Higher efficiency
Custom selection in larger sizes
Large tonnage capabilities
Indoor Chiller location
Longer life
13
Air Handling Systems
Purpose of an air handling system
Air Handling
System
Supply
Air
Room
With
Defined
Requirements
Outlet
Air
14
Objectives
In the following slides, we will study the components of
air handling systems in order to:
1.
Become familiar with the components
2.
Know their functions
3.
Become aware of possible problems
15
Main subsystems
Exhaust air treatment
Fresh air treatment

(make-up air)
Terminal air treatment

at production room level
Room/Cabin
Central air handling unit
16
Overview components
Exhaust Air Grille
Silence
r
Weather louvre
Flow rate controller
Fan
Control damper
Filter
Heater
+
Prefilter
Humidifier
Cooling
coil
with
Heating droplet
coil
separator
Secondary Filter
Terminal filter
Production Room
Re-circulated
air
17
Components (1)
Weather louver To prevent insects, leaves, dirt
and rain from entering
Silencer
To reduce noise caused by air

circulation
Flow rate
Automated adjustment of
controller
volume of air (night and day,
pressure control)
Control damper
Fixed adjustment of volume of
air
18
Components (2)
Heating
unit
To heat the air to the proper

temperature
Cooling unit To cool the air to the required

temperature or to remove
/
moisture from the air
dehumidifier
Humidifier
Filters
Ducts
To bring the air to the proper

humidity, if too low
To eliminate particles of predetermined dimensions and/or
micro-organisms
To transport the air
19
Air types
Fresh air
(make-up air)
Supply
air
Exhaust
air
Production Room
Return air
(re-circulated)
20
Filter classes
Dust filters
Standard
Aerosol
Coarse
Fine
Dp > 10 m
10 m > Dp > 1 m
G1 - G4
F5 - F9
EN 779 Standard
HEPA
ULPA
Dp < 1 m
H 11 - 13
U 14- 17
EN 1822 Standard
21
HEPA or tertiaary filt
Primary panel
filter
Secondary
filter
22
Duct heaters
Room Heters
Silensers
23
Volume control
damper
Fire Dampers
Humid room air
Adsorber wheel
Regeneration air
Dry air
AHU with fan

Variable Speed
Controller
Humid room air

Air heater
Filter Pressure
Gauges
De-humidification
24
Regulation of room pressure pressure

differentials concept
Room pressure
gauges
Room pressure indication panel
Annex 1, 17.26
25
Pressure cascade injectables

Protection from micro-organisms and
particles
Room 1
Room 2
30 Pa
60 Pa
Room 3
45 Pa
A
LF
D
A ir L o c k
45 Pa
A ir L o c k
B
15 Pa
30 Pa
Passage
A ir
Lock
0 Pa
N o te : D i r e c ti o n o f d o o r o p e n i n g r e l a t i v e to r o o m p r e s s u r e
26
Pressure cascade solids

Protection from cross-contamination
R oom 1
R oom 2
Room 3
15 Pa
15 Pa
15 Pa
A ir L o c k
A ir L o c k
A ir
30 Pa
Passage
Lock
0 Pa
15 Pa
N o te : D i r e c ti o n o f d o o r o p e n i n g r e l a ti v e to r o o m p r e s s u r e
27
28
29
30
31
Fan Coil Unit
32
Self Contain Unit
33
HVAC Air Distribution Equipments
Diffusers
4 Way Diffusers
Two Way Diffusers
One Way Diffuser
Round||Diffusers
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34
Cabin Units
35
Return / Exhaust Grilles
36
Fans and Pumps

Contents
Fan Design
Fan Performance
Fan-duct Systems
Duct Construction
Air Duct Design
37
Fan Design
Common types of fans
Centrifugal fans: radial, forward curved,
air foil (backward curved), backward
inclined, tubular, roof ventilator
Axial fans: propeller, tube-axial, vane-axial
Fan arrangements
Motor location, air discharge orientation,
drive train type (direct drive or pulley drive)
Centrifugal: single width single inlet (SWSI),
double width double inlet (DWDI)
38
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
AXIAL FANS
Centrifugal and axial fan components
39
AXIAL FANS
Propeller
Tube-axial
Tube-vane
40
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
Tubular centrifugal fan
Centrifugal roof ventilator
(* Note the airflow paths and impeller design.)

41
Drive arrangements and motor positions
42
Single- and double-width centrifugal fans

43
Fan Performance
Major parameters
Fan volume flow rate (m3/s or l/s), Vf
Fan total pressure ptf, fan velocity pressure
pvf & fan static pressure psf (Pa)
Fan power & efficiency
Fan power or air power (W) = ptf x Vf
Fan power input on the fan shaft (brake
horsepower), Pf
Fan total efficiency: t = ptf x Vf / Pf
Combined aerodynamic, volumetric & mechanical
efficiencies
Fan static efficiency: s = psf x Vf / Pf

Air temp. increase through fan, Tf = ptf /
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44
Fan performance curves

Total pressure
Static pressure
Fan total efficiency
Fan static efficiency
Fan power input
Velocity pressure
Volume flow rate
45
Typical fan performance curve

46
Fan Performance
Fan Laws
Speed (n)
Volume flow (V)
Total pressure loss (p
)
Air density ()
For air systems that
are geometrically &
dynamically similar:
(D = impeller
diameter)
c.f.: pump laws

47
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
Velocity triangle at the blade inlet and outlet of a centrifugal fan

48
Fan Performance
Major issues causing energy losses to
a centrifugal fan:
Circulatory flow between the blades
Air leakage at the inlet
Friction between fluid particles and the
blade
Energy loss at the entrance
Partially filled passage
49
Operating characteristics for a backward-curved centrifugal fan

50
Total efficiency
curves for
centrifugal fans
51
Fan power curves for centrifugal fans with same impeller diameter
52
Fan pressure curves for centrifugal fans with same impeller diameter
53
AXIAL FANS
Velocity triangles for a vane-axial fan

54
Fan pressure curves for axial fans with same impeller diameter
55
Fan efficiency curves for axial fans with same impeller diameter
56
Fan power curves for axial fans with same impeller diameter
57
Performance
curves for
controllablepitch vane-axial
fans
58
Fan-duct Systems
Duct pressure changes (c.f. atm
pressure)
Static pressure (SP)
Velocity pressure (VP) = V2 / 2 g
Total pressure (TP) = SP + VP
Fan: a pumping device

Fan (total) pressure = pressure difference
between fan inlet and fan discharge
At fan suction/inlet, SP = negative (c.f.
atmospheric); at discharge, SP = positive
59
60
61
Fan-duct Systems
Pressure characteristics
SP and VP are mutually convertible (or)
TP always decreases in the direction of
airflow
For constant-area straight duct sections
Velocity and VP are constant
TP change = SP change
When duct cross-sectional areas are

reduced
Velocity and VP increase
Absolute value of both TP and SP decrease
Dynamic losses from elbow, dampers, etc.
62
Fan-duct Systems
Fan-duct systems
Flow resistance R, pressure drop p and
o
volume flow rate V
2
p R V
Rs
Duct sections in series:
Duct sections in parallel:
R1 R2 Rn
1
1
1
1

Rp
R1
R2
Rn
63
Fan-duct Systems
Fan-duct systems
Terminology
Primary air (conditioned air or makeup air)
Secondary air (induced space air, plenum air, or
recirculating air)
Transfer air (indoor air that moves from an
adjacent area)
System curve: volume flow vs pressure loss

System operating point
64
Fan-duct Systems
System effect pts
Its additional total pressure loss caused
by uneven or non-uniform velocity profile
at the fan inlet, or at duct fittings after
fan outlet
Due to the actual inlet and outlet
connections as compared with the total
pressure loss of the fan test unit during
laboratory ratings
Inlet
Outlet
65
Fan system operating point & system effect

66
Fan-duct Systems
Modulation of air systems
Constant volume system
Volume flow rate remains constant
Supply temperature is raised during part
load
Variable-air-volume (VAV) system

Volume flow rate is reduced to match part
load operation
Modulation curve
67
Fan modulation curve

68
Fan-duct Systems
Fan modulation methods
Damper (vary the opening of the air flow
passage)
Waste energy
Inlet vanes (opening & angle of inlet vanes)

Low cost; less efficient than following types
Inlet cone (peripheral area of fan impeller)

Inexpensive; for backward curved centrifugal fan
Blade pitch (blade angle of axial fan)

Fan speed (using adjustable frequency
drives)
Most energy-efficient; but usually cost more
69
Damper, inlet vanes & fan speed modulation

70
Inlet vane
modulation
71
Fan speed
modulation using
AC inverter
72
Fan-duct Systems
Fan surge (in centrifugal fan)
Occurs when air volume flow is not sufficient to
sustain the static pressure difference between
discharge & suction
Discharge pressure is reduced momentarily
Volume flow & pressure fluctuations
Create noise & vibration
Surge region: shall avoid operation in it
Fan stall (in axial fans)

When smooth air flow suddenly breaks &
pressure difference across the blades decreases
The fan loses pressure capability drastically
73
Stall and stall region of an axial fan

74
Fan-duct Systems
Fan selection
Select fan type + determine fan size
Important factors:
Pressure-volume flow operating
characteristics
Fan capacity modulation
Fan efficiency
Sound power level
Airflow direction
Initial cost
75
76
Duct Construction
Types of air duct
Supply air duct
Return air duct
Outdoor air duct
Exhaust air
Duct sections
Header or main duct (trunk)
Branch duct or runout
77
78
Duct Construction
Duct systems
Max. pressure difference (between air
inside the duct and the ambient air)
125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2500 Pa
Commercial buildings
Low-pressure duct system: 500 Pa, max
12 m/s
Medium-pressure system: 500-1500 Pa, max
17.5 m/s
Residential buildings: 125 Pa or 250 Pa

Industrial
duct system: P can be higher
79
Duct Construction
Duct material: e.g. UL (Underwriters
Laboratory) standard
Class 0: zero flame spread, zero smoke
developed
Iron, galvanized steel, aluminum, concrete,
masonry, clay tile
Class 1: flame spread 25, smoke

developed 50
Fiberglass, many flexible ducts
Class 2: flame spread 50, smoke

developed
100
80
Duct Construction
Shapes of air duct
Rectangular
More easily fabricated on site, air leakage
Round
Less fluid resistance, better rigidity/strength
Flat oval
Flexible
Multiple-ply polyester film w/ metal wire or
strips
SMACNA (Sheet Metal and Air

Conditioning Contractors National
Association) standards
81
Rectangular duct
Round duct w/ spiral seam
Flexible duct
Flat oval duct
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
82
Transverse joint reinforcement
83
Duct Construction
Duct specification
Sheet gauge and thickness of duct
material
Traverse joints & longitudinal seam
reinforcements
Duct hangers & their spacing
Tapes & adhesive closures
Fire spread and smoke developed
Site-fabricated or factory-/pre-fabricated
84
Duct Construction
Duct heat gain or loss
Temperature rise or drop
Duct insulation (mounted or inner-lined)
Reduce heat gain/loss, prevent
condensation, sound attentuation
Minimum & recommended thickness
See ASHRAE standard or local codes
Temperature rise curves

Depends on air velocity, duct dimensions &
insulation
85
Temperature rise from duct heat gain

86
Duct Construction
Frictional losses
Darcey-Weisbach Equation
Hf = friction head loss, or pf = pressure loss
f = friction factor (dimensionless)

L = length of duct or pipe (m)
D = diameter of duct or pipe (m)
v = mean air velocity in duct (m/s)
87
>
<
Mode of airflow when air passes over and around
surface protuberances of the duct wall
88
Duct Construction
Duct friction chart
Colebrook formula
Roughness & temperature corrections

pf = Ksr KT Kelpf,c
Ksr = correction factor for surface roughness
KT = correction factor for air temperature
Kel = correction factor for elevation
89
Friction chart for round duct

90
91
Duct Construction
Circular equivalent
Hydraulic diameter, Dh = 4 A / P
A = area (mm2); P = perimeter (mm)
Rectangular duct:
Flat oval duct:
92
Duct Construction
Dynamic losses
Result from flow disturbances caused by
duct-mounted equipment and fittings
Change airflow paths direction and/or area
Flow separation & eddies/disturbances
In dynamic similarity (same Reynolds

number & geometrically similar duct
fittings), dynamic loss is proportional to
their velocity pressure
93
Duct Construction
Local or dynamic loss coefficient
Ratio of total pressure loss to velocity
pressure
94
Duct Construction
Duct fittings
Elbows
Converging or diverging tees and wyes
Entrances and exits
Enlargements and contractions
Means to reduce dynamic losses

Turning angle, splitter vanes
ASHRAE duct fitting database

Fitting loss coefficients
95
96
Region of eddies and

turbulences in a round elbow
5-piece 90o round elbow
97
Rectangular elbow, smooth radius, 2 splitter vanes
Mitered elbow and its secondary flow

98
Airflow through a
rectangular converging
or diverging wye
99
Entrance
Exit
100
Abrupt enlargement
Sudden contraction
101
Duct Construction
Flow resistance, R
Total pressure loss pt at a specific volume
flow rate V
pt R V
Rs R1 R2 Rn
Flow resistance in series:

Flow resistance
in1parallel:
1
1
Rp

R1
R2
Rn
102
Total pressure loss and flow resistance of a round duct section

103
Flow resistance in series

Flow resistance in parallel
104
Flow resistance for a Y connection

105
Air Duct Design

Optimal air duct design
Optimal duct system layout, space
available
Satisfactory system balance
Acceptable sound level
Optimum energy loss and initial cost
Install only necessary balancing devices
(dampers)
Fire codes, duct construction & insulation
Require comprehensive analysis &

care for different transport functions
106
Flow characteristics of a supply duct system

107
Air Duct Design

Design velocity
Constraints: space available, beam depth
Typical guidelines:
Main ducts: air flow usually 15 m/s; air flow
noise must be checked
With more demanding noise criteria (e.g.
hotels), max. air velocity: main duct 10-12.5
m/s, return main duct 8 m/s, branch ducts
6 m/s
Face velocities for air-handling system

components
108
109
Air Duct Design

Reduce dynamic losses of the critical
path
Maintain optimum air velocity through duct
fittings
Emphasize reduction of dynamic losses
nearer to the fan outlet or inlet (high air
velocity)
Proper use of splitter vanes
Set 2 duct fittings as far apart as possible
Air duct leakage

Duct leakage classification
AISI, SMACNA, ASHRAE standards
110
Air Duct Design

Fire protection
Duct material selection
Vertical ducts (using masonry, concrete
or clay)
When ducts pass through floors & walls
Use of fire dampers
Filling the gaps between ducts & bldg
structure
Duct systems for industrial applications
Any other fire precautions?
111
Air Duct Design

Design procedure (computer-aided or manual)
Verify local codes & material availability

Preliminary duct layout
Divide into consecutive duct sections
Minimise local loss coefficients of duct fittings
Select duct sizing methods
Critical total pressure loss of tentative critical path
Size branch ducts & balance total pressure at
junctions
Adjust supply flow rates according to duct heat gain
Resize duct sections, recalculate & balance parallel
paths
Check sound level & add necessary attenuation
112
Air Duct Design
Duct layout
Symmetric layout is easier to balance

Smaller main duct & shorter design path
For VAV systems, duct looping allows feed

from opposite direction
Optimize transporting capacity (balance points
often follow the suns position)
Result in smaller main duct
Compare alternative layouts & reduce

fittings
For exposed ducts, appearance &
integration with the structure is important
113
Typical supply duct system with symmetric layout & looping
114
Air Duct Design

Duct liner
Lined internally on inner surface of duct wall
Mainly used for noise attenuation &
insulation
Fiberglass blanket or boards
Duct cleaning
Prevent accumulation of dirt & debris
Agitation device to loosen the dirt & debris
Duct vacuum to extract loosened debris
Sealing of access openings
115
Duct breakout noise

116
HVAC Piping System
117
HVAC Instrumentation and

Control
118
HVAC System
Commissioning
The key elements of commissioning include:
Installation checks. Check installed equipment to ensure that all associated

components and accessories are in place.
Operational checks. Verify and document that systems are performing as

expected, and that all sensors and other system control devices are properly
calibrated.
Documentation. Confirm that all required documentation has been provided, such
as a statement of the design intent and operating protocols for all building systems.
O&M manuals and training. Prepare comprehensive operation and maintenance

(O&M) manuals, and provide training for rig operations staff.
Ongoing monitoring. Conduct periodic monitoring after the school is occupied to

ensure that equipment and systems continue to perform according to design intent.
Correctly implemented, commissioning is extremely cost-effective, and should

improve the delivery process, increase systems reliability, improve energy
performance, ensure good indoor environmental quality, and improve operation and
maintenance of the facility.
119

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HVAC Systems Understanding

Introduction to HVAC Systems

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Though more costly to install and more complicated to operate, a

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Heating, ventilating and airconditioning (HVAC) systems

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Even the best HVAC equipment and systems cannot compensate

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HVAC System Types

Air cooled Chillers

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Air Cooled Chiller Advantages

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Water-Cooled Chiller advantages

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Air Handling Systems

Purpose of an air handling system

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Become familiar with the components

Know their functions

Become aware of possible problems

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Fresh air treatment

Terminal air treatment

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Flow rate controller

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To reduce noise caused by air

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To heat the air to the proper

Cooling unit To cool the air to the required

To bring the air to the proper

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HEPA or tertiaary filt

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AHU with fan

Humid room air

Regulation of room pressure pressure

Pressure cascade injectables

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Pressure cascade solids

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Fan Coil Unit

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Self Contain Unit

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HVAC Air Distribution Equipments

Two Way Diffusers

One Way Diffuser

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Return / Exhaust Grilles