Refrigeration Basics

Agenda

What is refrigeration?
Definitions
Pressure temperature chart basics
Questions

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Definition
Refrigeration is the transfer of heat from one
place to another by a change in state of a liquid.

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Alcohol on ones hand

evaporates and cools

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Air Conditioning

Evaporation

Liquid

Vapor

Condensation

Vapor Compression
Cooling Tower

Condenser
Motor

Compressor

Expansion Valve
Evaporator

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Sensible Heat

Heat which causes a change in

temperature of a substance

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Latent Heat
Heat energy absorbed in the
process of changing form of a
substance without a change in
temperature or pressure. Heat
energy that cannot be measured
with a thermometer.

32o

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Latent or Sensible?
What changed from previous slide
What type of heat was involved

32o

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Measuring Heat
Btu (British Thermal Unit) -- Amount of energy
required to heat one pound of water one degree F.
Most heat transfer occurs
from latent heat transfer
Energy required to convert 1 lb of water
@212F to steam @ 212F
=970 Btu
Energy required to heat 1 lb of water
from 44F to 54F
=10 Btu

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Latent Heat
If in our example one pound of ice melted how
many BTUS were added to the water?

32o
Dubai International Airport

32o

Cooling Tower

Condenser Water
(95)
Outdoor
Air

Outdoor
Air

Condenser Water
(85)

About how many pounds of water needs to

evaporate to produce one ton of cooling?

Latent Heat
12,000 BTU / hr. = Ton
970 BTU / lb. of water
evaporated
12,000 / 970 = 12.4 lbs. of water
1 gallon = 8.3 lbs.
12.4 / 8.3 = 1.5 gallons

Dubai International Airport

Cooling Tower
Outside
Air Temp

MCWB

95-99o
90-94o
85-89o
80-84o
75-79o
70-74o
65-69o
60-64o
55-59o

76o
74o
72o
70o
67o
64o
61o
57o
52o

Tower
Condenser
Approach Water Temp
7o
7o
7o
7o
7o
7o
7o
7o
7o

83o
81o
79o
77o
74o
71o
68o
63o
59o

Saturated Vapor
Vapor and liquid are in contact with one another.

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Subcooling
Cooling the refrigerant below its condensing
temperature. A refrigerant must be in a complete
liquid state before it can be subcooled.

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Subcooling
At which of the following temperatures at
14.7 PSIA in an enclosed vessel is water in
a subcooled state?
a.) 215
b.) 180
c.) 210
d.) 220

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Subcooling
At which of the following temperatures at
14.7 PSIA in an enclosed vessel is water in
a subcooled state?
a.) 215
b.) 180
c.) 210
d.) 220

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Superheat
To raise the temperature of a vapor beyond its
boiling point. No liquid can remain when a
refrigerant is superheated.

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Superheat
Cooling the refrigerant below its condensing
temperature. A refrigerant must be in a complete
liquid state before it can be subcooled.

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Superheat
At which of the following temperatures at
14.7 PSIA in an enclosed vessel is steam in
a superheated state?
a.) 215
b.) 180
c.) 210
d.) 220

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Superheat
At which of the following temperatures at
14.7 PSIA in an enclosed vessel is steam in
a superheated state?
a.) 215
b.) 180
c.) 210
d.) 220

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Pressure / Temp. Charts

Boiling points at atmospheric pressure (14.7PSIA)
R-11
R-123
R-12
R-134a
R-22

= + 75o
= + 82o
= - 21o
= - 15o
= - 41o

Dubai International Airport

Vapor Pressure 80F

(Saturated state)
1.5 PSIG

86.4 PSIG

143.6 PSIG

R-11

R-134a

R-22

Units of Measure
Heat required to raise 1 lb. water 1 degree = 1 BTU
12,000 BTU / hour = 1 ton of refrigeration
1,000 BTUH = 1 MBH

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Heat Content
(BTU / lb.)
Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Liqu
id L
i

ne

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Vap
or L

in e

Liqu
id L
i

ne

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

in e

Liquid - Vapor
Mix

Enthalpy

Vap
or L

Liqu
id L
i

ne

Pressure

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

100% Liquid

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

100% Vapor

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

20% Liquid

80% Vapor

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator
Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator
Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Evaporator

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Compressor

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Compressor

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Compressor
Head Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Condenser

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere

Condenser

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere

Condenser

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Metering Device

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Metering Device
- Thermal expansion valve
- Orifice

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
Condenser
Metering
Device

Compressor
Evaporator

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Refrigerant rejects
heat to atmosphere
Condenser

Metering
Device

Compressor
Evaporator

Enthalpy

Refrigerant absorbs
heat from load

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
85
95

54
44

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
85
95

54

54
44

Enthalpy

44

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
85
95

54
44

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
85
95

54
44

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
Cooling
Tower

85
95

54
44

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure
85

Cooling
Tower

95

54
44

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

What is this called?

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Adding a subcooler
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Adding a subcooler
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Adding a subcooler
Increases refrigeration effect
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Adding a subcooler
Increases refrigeration effect
Increases energy efficiency

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Subcooled
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart

Pressure

Subcooled

Superheat
Refrigeration
Effect

Enthalpy

Questions

Dubai International Airport