Pipeline Design Training

Expansion Analysis
8 August 2006

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Pipeline Design Training Module I Overview

August
2 2 August 28,
by Mr. 4Eng Bin NG
5
1
3
Pipe
Allowable
Applicable
Codes

On-bottom
Stability
(Concrete
Coating)
Design

Wall
Thickness
Design

Cathodic
Protection
Design

Expansion
Calculations

Free Span
Calculations

Flexibility
Analysis
Methodology

On-bottom
Roughness
Analysis

Use of
Spoilers for
Pipe Selfburial

&
Unconventional

against
Anchors, Wave
Liquefaction &
Earthquake

10

Pipeline
Construction
- Conventional

Pipeline
Protection

Installation
Engineering
(1/2)

Installation
Engineering
(2/2)

Workshop, revision, exercise

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27 May 2015

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Pipeline Design Training Module I Schedule

Weekending
Aug 4
Aug 11
Aug 18
Aug 25
1 2

28

10 11 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28

Applicable Codes, Wall Thickness

Design
On-bottom Stability (Concrete
Coating) Design
Pipe Expansion Calculations,
Flexibility Analysis Methodology
Allowable Free Span Calculations,
On-bottom Roughness Analysis
Pipeline Protection against Anchors,
Wave Liquefaction & Earthquake

Today

Cathodic Protection Design

Use of Spoilers for Pipe Self-burial
Pipeline Construction - Conventional
& Unconventional
Installation Engineering

Workshop, revision, exercise

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 The purpose of the thermal expansion calculations is to obtain

the net thermal expansions at both ends of the pipeline.
Expansion in a marine pipeline is due to:

Pressure Effect
Temperature Effect.
Soil friction Effect
Residual Tension

Longitudinal expansion in a pipeline is dependent on the

temperature and pressure differentials, and the frictional
resisting force between the pipeline and the seabed. At some
distance from the hot and cold ends, the pipeline is virtually
anchored when the forces producing the expansion are
balanced by the cumulative effects of the soil frictional force.
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 When the pipeline is long enough, there will be a certain

point at some distance from the pipeline end tie-in point,
beyond which the pipeline can be considered as completely
restrained. This is due to the static equilibrium of the
expansion forces, the longitudinal soil friction and
restraining forces.
Riser Clamp

Riser Clamp

Virtual Anchor Point

Virtual Anchor Point

Pipeline

Unrestrained
Section

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Restrained Section

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Unrestrained
Section

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Analysis Methodology
The methodology used in estimating the pipeline end
expansion is based on the first principle of stress-strain
relation.
The stresses acting in the pipeline wall resulting from the
operating loads and friction resistance depend on whether
the pipeline is unrestrained, partially restrained or fully
restrained.
Calculation methodology adopted is based on Ling MTS &
Palmer A. C. (1981) Movement of Submarine Pipelines
Close to Platforms, Paper OTC 4067, 1981.

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L
NET

Where:
The net longitudinal
strain in the pipeline
between the free end
and the virtual anchor
point is given by the
following formula:

effect

Strain due to end cap

=

(Pi Pe ) Ai
AE
Strain due to Poisson effect
(Pi Pe )D

2t E

T =

Strain due to thermal effect

T exp
f =

Strain due to mobilisation of friction

Ws Ls
A E

r =
tension
=

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E NET

E T f r

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Strain due to residual lay

N
AE

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Pi

Design pressure (MPa)

Pe

External pressure (MPa)

Ai

Pipe internal area (m2)

Pipe outside diameter (without coating) (m)

Pipe wall thickness (m)

DT

Temperature difference at inlet ()

Distance from hot end (m)

l
value (m)

Decay length over which the temperature difference falls to 1/e of its initial

Ws

Submerged weight of pipe (N/m) for unburied pipe

Submerged weight of pipe + cover (N/m) for buried pipe

Ls

Virtual anchor length or friction length (m)

Steel pipe cross section (m2)

Residual lay tension (N)

Poisons ratio for steel

Longitudinal friction coefficient between pipe and soil

Elastic Young Modulus (MPa)0

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For the restrained section of the pipeline, the stress-strain relation

is given by:

LR

E NET T r

E T r

as

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NET

0 for restrained section

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In the pipeline between free end and virtual anchored point, there
is some restraint from soil friction, although not sufficient to
prevent total movement. The stress-strain relation within the
partially restrained section is given by:
E E f
LP
=

The virtual anchor length, which is the distance between the free
end of the pipeline and the virtual anchor point, is given by:
=

Ls
2

for short pipelines

E T r A E

for long pipelines

Ws
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 The end expansions at the hot and cold ends are calculated
by integrating the net longitudinal strain and is given by:
L

L AHOT

L ACOLD

Where LAHOT
LACOLD

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NET dL
NET dL

for hot end

for cold end

= Virtual anchor point at hot

end
= Virtual anchor point at cold
end

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Typical Temperature Profile

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Pipeline Design Training

Any questions?

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training@nrgengineering.com

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