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On-bottom
Stability
(Concrete
Coating)
Design
Wall
Thickness
Design
Cathodic
Protection
Design
Expansion
Calculations
Free Span
Calculations
Flexibility
Analysis
Methodology
On-bottom
Roughness
Analysis
Use of
Spoilers for
Pipe Selfburial
&
Unconventional
against
Anchors, Wave
Liquefaction &
Earthquake
10
Pipeline
Construction
- Conventional
Pipeline
Protection
Installation
Engineering
(1/2)
Installation
Engineering
(2/2)
NRG ENGINEERING
27 May 2015
Introduction
Pipeline burial is normally carried out by pre-trenching
(dredging) or post-trenching (e.g. jetting).
A non-conventional method of pipeline burial is by
implementation of spoilers on the pipeline. Where conventional
method is not practical or cost effective, e.g. where pipeline is
subject to scouring, a self-burial device known as Spoilers
could be used. This could effective ensure that the pipeline will
self bury after becoming exposed due to scouring.
If a previous buried pipeline is exposed due to scouring, it will
be placed at risk due to pipe instability (insufficient weight),
unacceptable free-spans, and potential damage by third
parties due to lack of cover.
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27 May 2015
Spoiler Mechanics
The effect of spoiler is based on scouring and fluid mechanical
process. The spoiler, which is fitted on the top of pipeline,
changes flow pattern around the pipeline compared with a plain
pipeline, as shown in Figure 1.
Plain Pipeline
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The schematic illustrating the phases and manner in which a spoilerfitted pipeline achieves self-burial is presented in Figure 2.
touch down
first tunnel erosion, pipe is sagging
Partial Burial
start leeside erosion
pipe on ridge
second tunnel erosion, pipe is sagging
second partial burial
natural backfilling to original seabed
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Second Stage
Tunneling
27 May 2015
Current
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The stability criteria for the pipeline embedded into soil can
be expressed as:
{( Fgs FL )R P }
1.1
FD FI
Where
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Fgs
FL
FD
FI
RP
1
FL w C L DtU d U d
2
FI w C I aSin
4
w
(kg/m3)
CD
CL
=
=
Drag coefficient
Lift coefficient
CI
Dt
a
=
=
=
Inertia coefficient
Total diameter of pipeline including coating (m)
Horizontal water particle acceleration normal to the pipe axis (m/s2)
Ud
=
=
Uc
Uc
Wave induced horizontal water particle velocity normal to pipe axis (m/s)
Phase angle
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27 May 2015
1
2
RP P s z
2
P
where:
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Hydrodynamic Coefficients
The Hydrodynamic coefficients for spoiler fitted pipes are
taken from SPS report (Ref.[1]). The values of CD, CM and
CL for various pipe embedment extracted from above
mentioned report is presented in Figures 4, 5 and 6,
respectively.
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27 May 2015
0% e/D
Drag (CD)
Inertia (CI)
Lift (CL)
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2.6
0
4.1
0
0.3
1
10%
e/D
20%
e/D
30%
e/D
40%
e/D
50% e/D
2.00
1.60
1.30
1.00
0.70
1.30
3.90
3.50
3.00
2.55
2.10
3.29
0.20
0.16
0.10
0.07
0.05
1.0
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Hydrodynamic
Coefficients
based on DNV
1981
0% e/D
Analysis Approach
Lateral stability is carried out for the following cases in line
with recommendations given by SPS:
Case (a): During initial period (Installation)
Pipe condition
Empty
Environmental condition
Pipe embedment
30 % of outer diameter
Empty
Environmental condition
Pipe embedment
50 % of outer diameter
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Product-filled
Environmental condition
Pipe embedment
50 % of outer diameter
Product-filled
Environmental condition
Pipe embedment
Fully buried
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Conclusions
The spoiler is particularly suited for areas which experience
strong bi-directional currents and have erodable seabed.
The spoiler is also suitable in areas where dynamic
movement of seabed profile is experienced, e.g. Hangzhou
Bay, When the pipeline is exposed to the environment due
to scouring, the spoiler is expected to re-initiate burial.
Based on the successful use of spoilers in the Hangzhou
Bay Pipeline Crossing project, as well as other applications
in the North Sea, it is envisaged that the spoiler would find
many more uses for similar projects under similar
conditions worldwide.
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27 May 2015
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View of pipeline at shore approach during low tide. Note that minor rotation had
occurred during pulling operation, partially due to flooding and receding tides.
Note scour on both sides of pipeline due to spoiler effects.
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27 May 2015
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View of pipeline at shore approach during low tide. Note that minor rotation had
occurred during pulling operation, partially due to flooding and receding tides.
Note scour on both sides of pipeline due to spoiler effects.
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27 May 2015
27 May 2015
Pipe coating & spoiler damaged during pipelaying in very strong current
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