Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Brief Introduction
Normal Stresses
Act Normal (perpendicular) to face of the crystal structure
Compressive or tensile (tend to be more in tension due to internal
pressure)
Shear Stresses
Parallel to face of crystal structure
Can be caused by more than one type of load
NORMAL STRESSES
Fax
SL
Longitudinal Stress
Internal axial force acting on cross section
Cross sectional area of pipe
Outer diameter
Inner diameter
Design pressure
Internal area of pipe
SL
Internal Pressure
Longitudinal Stress
Axial
Pressure
Bending
Hoop Stress
or conservatively:
Radial Stress
Radial stress is zero at the outer radius of the pipe, where the
bending stresses are maximised.
For this reason, this stress component has traditionally been
ignored during the stress calculations.
SHEAR STRESSES
Applied in a direction parallel to the face of the plane of the crystal structure of the
material and tend to cause adjacent planes of the crystal to slip against each other.
May be caused by more than one type of applied load. For example, shear stress
may be caused by shear forces acting on the cross section.
shear force
shear form factor.
Dimensionless quantity
solid
circular section)
(1
WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 1
Longitudinal Stress:
Hoop Stress
3D STATE OF STRESS
In one orientation (whatever that may be) the normal stress is at its
maximum
Another orientation is where the normal stress is at its minimum
In both of these orientations all shear stress components are zero
In these cases (where shear stress is zero), the normal stresses are
termed the Principal Stresses
,,
maximum
minimum
regardless of the orientation of the stress axes, the sum of the orthogonal
stress components is always equal
The opposite of these orientations are the two orientations where the shear stress is at its
maximum and minimum (minimum is typically ignored)
This is termed orientation of maximum shear stress
This is equal to difference between largest and smallest principal stresses (which are by
definition S1 and S3
Mohrs Circle
The infinite number of points on the Mohrs circle represent the infinite orientations of the
local stress axes our imaginary cube
Mohrs Circle
S1 and S2 are equal to the centre of the circle, plus or minus the radius
WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 2
Radius of Circle
S3 = S 2
FAILURE THEORIES
Failure Theories
So we have calculated stresses but these are not much use on their own. Is 128MPa High
or Low?
We need allowable stresses
Material allowable stresses are related to strengths as determined by material uniaxial tests
So our calculated stresses must also be related to the uniaxial tensile test
Failure Theories
There are 3 generally accepted failure theories used to predict onset of yielding
These theories relate failure in an arbitrary 3D stress state in a material to failure in the stress
state found in a uniaxial tensile test specimen
Von Mises
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the octahedral
octahedral shear
shear
stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the octahedral
octahedral
shear
shear stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension
test
test
Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa 33Dimensional
Dimensional stress
stress state
state whenever
whenever
the
the octahedral
octahedral shear
shear stress
stress exceeds
exceeds
Tresca
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the maximum
maximum
shear
shear stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the
maximum
maximum shear
shear stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa
uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension test.
test.
Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa
3-Dimensional
3-Dimensional stress
stress state
state
whenever
whenever the
the maximum
maximum shear
shear
stress
stress exceeds
exceeds
Rankine
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the maximum
maximum
tensile
tensile stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the
maximum
maximum tensile
tensile stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa
uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension test
test
The maximum
tensile stress is the largest, positive principal stress, S1 (by
Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa
3-Dimensional
3-Dimensional stress
stress state
state
whenever
whenever the
the maximum
maximum shear
shear
stress
stress exceeds
exceeds
Most of the piping codes use a slight modification of the maximum shear stress theory
So:
This is the stress intensity an artificial parameter simply 2x max shear stress
Therefore the Maximum Stress Intensity Criterion dictates
WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 3
Recall:
Assume:
Pipe 1