You are on page 1of 37

Static Analysis of Piping Systems

A Brief Introduction

Basic Stress Concepts


Stresses can be categorised as one of two types:
Normal & Shear

Normal Stresses
Act Normal (perpendicular) to face of the crystal structure
Compressive or tensile (tend to be more in tension due to internal
pressure)

Shear Stresses
Parallel to face of crystal structure
Can be caused by more than one type of load

NORMAL STRESSES

Normal Stresses Longitudinal/Axial


Longitudinal (or Axial) Stress
Acts along the axis of the pipe
Caused by an internal force acting axially in the pipe

Fax

SL

Longitudinal Stress
Internal axial force acting on cross section
Cross sectional area of pipe
Outer diameter
Inner diameter

Normal Stresses - Internal Pressure

Specific Instance of Longitudinal Stress is that due to internal pressure

Caused by Internal Pressure force Acting Axially along pipe


Causes Longitudinal Stress in the pipe wall acting axially

Design pressure
Internal area of pipe

SL

Internal Pressure

Normal Stresses Bending Stress

Bending Stress caused by the bending moment on the pipe


Zero at neutral axis
Varies linearly across cross section from max compressive to max tensile

Bending moment acting on cross section


Distance of point of interest from neutral axis of cross section
Moment of inertial of cross section

Outer radius of pipe.


Section modulus of pipe

Longitudinal Stress

Axial

Pressure

Bending

Hoop Stress

Another normal stress present in the pipe


Caused by internal pressure.
Acts in a direction parallel to the pipe
circumference.

Magnitude varies through the pipe wall


Can be calculated by Lames equation as:

Hoop stress due to pressure


Inner radius of pipe
Outer Radius of pipe
Radial position where stress is being considered

Can be approximated conservatively for thin-wall cylinders by assuming that the


pressure force applied over an arbitrary length of pipe, l is resisted uniformly by
the pipe wall over that same arbitrary length.

or conservatively:

Radial Stress

Third normal stress present in the pipe


Caused by internal pressure.
Varies

stress equal to internal pressure at pipes inner surface


Stress equal to atmospheric pressure at external surface

Radial stress is zero at the outer radius of the pipe, where the
bending stresses are maximised.
For this reason, this stress component has traditionally been
ignored during the stress calculations.

SHEAR STRESSES

Shear Stresses - Force

Applied in a direction parallel to the face of the plane of the crystal structure of the
material and tend to cause adjacent planes of the crystal to slip against each other.
May be caused by more than one type of applied load. For example, shear stress
may be caused by shear forces acting on the cross section.

shear force
shear form factor.
Dimensionless quantity
solid
circular section)

Maximum at the neutral axis of the pipe and zero at the


maximum distance from the neutral axis
Usually small, shear stresses due to forces are traditionally
neglected during pipe stress analysis.

(1

Shear Stress - Torsion


Shear Stresses may also be caused by torsional loads.

Internal torsional moment acting on crosssection


distance of point of interest from
torsional centre (intersection of neutral axes)
torsional resistance of cross section

WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 1

Worked Example Pipe Properties


Consider a 6 Nominal size, standard schedule pipe:

Worked Example Piping Loads

Worked Example Stress Calculations

Longitudinal Stress:

Worked Example Stress Calculations

Shear Stress (due to Torsion)

Hoop Stress

3D STATE OF STRESS

3D State of Stress in the Pipe Wall

During operation, pipes are subject to all these types of stresses.


Examining a small cube of metal from the outer wall (the highest stressed part) would show
the stresses distributed like so:

This imaginary cube could be oriented in any way


Each orientation has a different combination of
normal and shear stresses on the faces

In one orientation (whatever that may be) the normal stress is at its
maximum
Another orientation is where the normal stress is at its minimum
In both of these orientations all shear stress components are zero
In these cases (where shear stress is zero), the normal stresses are
termed the Principal Stresses

3D State of Stress in the Pipe Wall


For 3-dimensional analyses there are three principal stresses

,,
maximum

minimum

regardless of the orientation of the stress axes, the sum of the orthogonal
stress components is always equal

3D State of Stress in the Pipe Wall

The opposite of these orientations are the two orientations where the shear stress is at its
maximum and minimum (minimum is typically ignored)
This is termed orientation of maximum shear stress
This is equal to difference between largest and smallest principal stresses (which are by
definition S1 and S3

Mohrs Circle

All these values can be determined from Mohrs circle


Mohrs circle can be simplified by neglecting radial stress component allowing a simpler
(i.e. 2D) state of stress
Plot Normal vs. Shear for the two know orientations

Longitudinal vs. shear


Hoop vs. shear

The infinite number of points on the Mohrs circle represent the infinite orientations of the
local stress axes our imaginary cube

Mohrs Circle

The centre of the circle is at and the radius is equal to

S1 and S2 are equal to the centre of the circle, plus or minus the radius

maximum shear stress present in any orientation is equal to

WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 2

Worked Example Continued


Mohrs Circle of Stress
Centre of circle

Radius of Circle

Worked Example Continued


Maximum Principal Stress S1

Or from the Mohrs circle, S1 = 78.07 + 50.59 = 128.66 MPa

Maximum Principal Stresses S2 and S3

Or from the Mohrs circle, S2 = 78.07 50.59 = 27.48 MPa

S3 = S 2

FAILURE THEORIES

Failure Theories

So we have calculated stresses but these are not much use on their own. Is 128MPa High
or Low?
We need allowable stresses
Material allowable stresses are related to strengths as determined by material uniaxial tests
So our calculated stresses must also be related to the uniaxial tensile test

We can relate the two using a failure theory

Failure Theories

There are 3 generally accepted failure theories used to predict onset of yielding

Octahedral Shear or Von Mises theory


Maximum Shear or Tresca Theory
Maximum Stress or Rankine Theory

These theories relate failure in an arbitrary 3D stress state in a material to failure in the stress
state found in a uniaxial tensile test specimen

Failure here = when plastic deformation occurs

Von Mises
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the octahedral
octahedral shear
shear
stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the octahedral
octahedral
shear
shear stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension
test
test

In a uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield:

Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa 33Dimensional
Dimensional stress
stress state
state whenever
whenever
the
the octahedral
octahedral shear
shear stress
stress exceeds
exceeds

Tresca
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the maximum
maximum
shear
shear stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the
maximum
maximum shear
shear stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa
uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension test.
test.

In a uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield:

Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa
3-Dimensional
3-Dimensional stress
stress state
state
whenever
whenever the
the maximum
maximum shear
shear
stress
stress exceeds
exceeds

Rankine
Failure
Failure occurs
occurs when
when the
the maximum
maximum
tensile
tensile stress
stress in
in aa body
body is
is equal
equal to
to the
the
maximum
maximum tensile
tensile stress
stress at
at yield
yield in
in aa
uniaxial
uniaxial tension
tension test
test
The maximum
tensile stress is the largest, positive principal stress, S1 (by

definition, S1 is always the largest of the principal stresses.)


In a uniaxial tensile test specimen at the point of yield:

Plastic
Plastic deformation
deformation occurs
occurs in
in aa
3-Dimensional
3-Dimensional stress
stress state
state
whenever
whenever the
the maximum
maximum shear
shear
stress
stress exceeds
exceeds

Max Stress Intensity Criterion

Most of the piping codes use a slight modification of the maximum shear stress theory

Failure is when max shear stress =

Principal Stresses were computed as:

So Max Shear Stress is

Max Shear Stress theory states

So:

Max Stress Intensity Criterion

To simplify this if we multiply both sides by 2:

This is the stress intensity an artificial parameter simply 2x max shear stress
Therefore the Maximum Stress Intensity Criterion dictates

This is adopted by most piping codes

WORKED EXAMPLE
Part 3

Worked Example - Completion

Recall:

Assume:

yield stress of 30,000 psi or 206MPa at operating temperature


and a factor of safety of 2/3

Pipe 1

Page 42 in the manual for 5 day courses


Page 40 in the manual for 3 day courses

You might also like