Professional Documents
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• Annisa Monserrate 03
• Bruno Nunes 09
• Cindy D’souza 12
• Farhan Kazi 16
• Melissa Nazareth 30
• Uren Chhadva 58
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• X charts
• R charts
• P charts
• C charts
• Run tests
• Process Capability
INTRODUCTION
Quality Control
Variables
Attributes
APPROACHES TO QUALITY
ASSURANCE
• Acceptance sampling
• Process control
• Continuous improvement
INSPECTION
• When to inspect
• What to inspect
• Centralized inspection
• On-site inspection
STATISTICAL PROCESS
CONTROL
What is statistical process control?
It is the statistical evaluation of the output of
a process during production.
BRIEF HISTORY:
• Foundation for Statistical Process Control was
laid by Dr. Walter Shewart.
• Dr. W. Edwards Deming built upon Shewart’s
work
THE CONTROL PROCESS
VARIATION & CONTROL
RANDOM VARIATION:
• Natural variation in the output of a process
created by countless minor factors.
• Also termed as “common variation”.
ASSIGNABLE VARIATION:
• In process output, a variation whose cause can
be identified.
• Also termed as “special variation”.
CONTROL CHARTS
CONTROL CHART:
A time ordered plot of sample statistics used
to distinguish between random & non-random
variability.
PURPOSE OF CONTROL CHARTS:
• To determine the capability of the process
• To show if a process is in control or out of
control
CONTROL CHARTS
CONTROL LIMITS:
The dividing lines between random & non-
random deviations from the mean of the
distribution.
ERRORS IN CONTROL CHARTS:
• Type I error: Concluding a process is not in
control when it actually is.
• Type II error: Concluding a process is in control
when it is not.
CONTROL CHARTS
MEAN CHARTS
MEAN CONTROL CHART:
• Control chart used to monitor the central
tendency of a process
• It displays the changes in the average output of
a process
FORMULAE:
LCL = X − A2 R
UCL = X + A2 R
EXAMPLE
Q.Use the sample data in the table below to
construct upper & lower limits for a mean
chart. Do the results suggest that the process
is in control?
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5
10-18
R – CHART ANALYSIS
Step 1:-
Observe repartition of plotted points
Step 2:-
For a process out of control
CALCULATION
Center line is the grand mean (R bar)
Points are R
UCL = D4 R LCL = D3 R
10-20
EXAMPLE
1 2 3 4 5 6
LCL = D3*
=0*1.85
=0
UCL = D4*
=2.11*1.85
=3.9468
CONTROL CHART FOR
ATTRIBUTES
2 10 100 0.10
3 12 100 0.12
4 3 100 0.03
5 9 100 0.09
6 11 100 0.11
7 10 100 0.10
8 22 100 0.22
9 13 100 0.13
10 10 100 0.10
11 8 100 0.08
12 12 100 0.12
13 9 100 0.13
14 10 100 0.10
15 21 100 0.21
16 10 100 0.10
17 8 100 0.08
18 12 100 0.12
19 10 100 0.10
20 16 100 0.16
220 2000
CALCULATION
= 220 =0.11
20*100
UCL/ LCL =
UCL---0.20
LCL---0.02
C – CHARTS
Control chart for attributes
= No. of defects
No. of samples
EXAMPLE
Sample No. of Defects Sample No. of Defects
1 3 10 1
2 2 11 3
3 4 12 4
4 5 13 2
5 1 14 4
6 2 15 2
7 4 16 1
8 1 17 3
9 2 18 1
DIFFERENT PATTERNS
•Trend
• Cycles
• Bias
• Mean Shift
• Too much
Dispersion
RUN TESTS
• Sequence of observations with a certain
characteristic followed by one or more
observations with a different observable
characteristic
• Control Limits
• Process Variability
CAPABILITY ANALYSIS
• Process Capability & Specifications
• Three Cases:
(i) Just matches specifications
• Alternative process
• Examine specifications
CAPABILITY INDEX
• Centered Process
• Standardize
• Upgrade Equipment
• Automate
LIMITATIONS OF CAPABILITY
INDEX
• Unstable Process