Routine Laboratory Exam

Diagnostic Procedures

Common Laboratory test

1. CBC ( complete blood count)
Gives information about the kinds and number of

cells in the blood

A. wbc-(leukocyte)5.0-10.0 x10 9/L
-protects the body against infection
-bigger than RBC but fewer in number
-used to find an infection and how the body is
dealing with cancer treatment

Differential/Types
a. neutrophils-0.01-o.06
b.lymphocytes-0.20-0.40
c.eosinophils-0.01-0.05
d.basophils-0.00-0.01
e.monocytes-0.20-0.07
2. RBC-(red blood cell)
-carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
-carry carbon dioxide back to lungs to be exhaled
-low count-cant carry the needed o2 to the body
-high count (polycythemia), the tendency is to clamp

together and block tiny blood vessels(capillaries)and

so hard to carry o2

neutrophils or segmenters-makes up the highest

percentage of WBC in the blood

-elevated means presence of acute bacterial infection or
some inflammation going on inside the body
-decrease means reaction to treatment of various drugs
Lymphocytes-increase means chronic bacterial
infections or exposure to radiation,bone marrow cancer
Decrease means lupus erythematosus ,AIDS
Eosinophils-increase means presence of parasites
allergies,skin infection
Basophils-increase means leukemia cases, food allergies
Monocytes-incerase means infection and inflammatory
disorders

Normal count-female-4.0-5.0 x10 12/L

male-4.5-6.0 x 10 12/L
3. Hematocrit-measures the amount of space(volume) the
RBC take up in the blood
Female-0.38-0.48
Male-0.40-0.50
4. hemoglobin-gives RBC its red color
-measures the bloods ability to carry O2 throughout the body
RBC indices
1.MCV-mean corpuscular volume-measures the size of the
RBC
2. MCH-mean corpuscular hemoglobin-measure the amt. of
hemoglobin in RBC
3. MCHC-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrationmeasures the concentration of hemoglobin in the RBC

5. Platelet (thrombocyte)-smallest type of blood cells

-important in blood clotting
-in bleeding these platelets swell, clump together to
form a sticky plug to stop bleeding

Urine exam-waste product of the kidney

Color-amber yellow
Transparency-clear
Odor-slightly nutty odor

E.coli-cause bad odor

diabetes-sweet, fruity odor

Specific gravity-checks the amount of substance in the
urine
Shows how the kidney balance the amount of water in urine
The higher the specific gravity the more solid materials in
the urine
pH-acidic or alkaline
7-neutral
4-acidic
9-strong alkaline

Stool ExamColors:
Brown-normal
Dark black tarry-old dry blood in the intestinal path
Bright red-active bleeding near the

rectum,hemmorhoids
Full of mucus-abscess /ulcers
Floating-indigestion
Foul smelling-foods eaten
Ribbon like or small in diameter-narrowing of the
intestine
Chest xray- both lungs are clear, no infiltration