The Murder of Uthman and its Causes

661- 656
In Uthmans house in Madinah: In
spring 656 C.E. a group of protestors
from Egypt, Basrah and Kufah .
661 C.E the rising against Uthman
started

Cont
First Group: Men from nomadic tribe,
possibly tribal rivalries played part in
supporting or going against Uthman
Second Group: Quraysh Mekah:
supported him: among members
formally in alliance with Uthmans
clan (the Umayyah); opposed him:
Man from the clan of Makhzum

Cont.
Third Group: The Ansar- had the most
genuine economic protest (they were
old inhabitance of Madinah). They
were less well off then some of the
Maccan . However, they did not join
the movements against Uthman

The Grievance
Uthman gave grants of lands in Iraq
to certain persons.
Uthman gave some of the most
important governorship to man of his
own clan or someone related to
himself.
Uthman failed in certain cases to
carry out penalties prescribed by
Quran.

Cont.
General factor: complete change in
the way of life for those who were
formerly nomads. The ancestors of
these men and they themselves in
the earlier years made living by
herding camels in the dessert.
They became professional soldiers by
656 C.E. military expeditions to
frontier districts.

Cont
From the freedom of the desert they
came to be under the control of a
powerful system of government
Conclusion: the root of the problem
was the new economic, social and
political structure which the nomads
were not yet adjusted to .

Sif
n
On the death of Uthman, people of
Madinah appointed Ali as caliph but
he was not universally recognized.
Although Ali disapproved the murder
of Uthman, he show some sympathy
with the rebels.
In Syria, Uthmans governor and
kinsman remained in control and
refused commitment to Ali.

Cont.
A group: led by Muhammads pbuh
widow Aisyah along with Talhah and
al-Zubair
This group revolted against Ali but
were defeated at the battle of camel
near Basrah in 656 C.E.
Talhah and al-Zubair lost their lives.

Cont.
Ali then marched against Muawiyah.
The two armies confronted one another at
Sifn.
There was minor fighting and at last some
religious minded in Muawiyahs army when
out to the enemy with copies of the Quran
tied to their lances.
Understood as way of summoning their
opponents to let the dispute be settled by a
judgment according to Quran

Cont.
Religious minded men from Alis
camp forced him to accept
arbitration.
Finally the armies withdrew and an
arbitration took place.

Cont.
Among the supporters of Ali,
differences of opinion appeared
While they were still at Sifn after
the agreement with Muawiyah some
of them raised the cry no judgment
but Gods
They were joined by others and on
the return to Kufah several
thousands withdrew to a place in the
neighborhood called Harura,

Cont.
Ali was able to persuade them to
return to Kufah. However there was a
second withdrawal. This was to alNahrawan and involved 3 to 4
thousand men.
Amr bin al-As was a wholehearted
supporter of Muawiyah, Abu Musa
was not so wholehearted in his
support of Ali.

 In April 658 Muawiyah was acclaimed

as caliph by his followers.
In July 658 Ali managed to win back
some of those who had gone to alNahrawan and he attack the
remainder.

The Basic Doctrine of

Kharijite
The word no judgment but Gods

 )) :
)(



((...

The meaning of Kharijite

Those who went out or made a
secession from the camp of Ali.
Those who had gone out against Ali .
Those who went out from among the
unbelievers making the hijrah to God
and his messengers .
Those who gone out and take active
part in the jihad in contrast to those
who sat still.

Khari
jites
subsects

Early Muhakamah

Those who rebelled against Ali and

assembled at Harura near Kufah.
They based their revolts on two
fundamental points. one, the innovation
concerning the imamite; they allowed it to
other than the Quraisy.
Second, innovation in maintaining that Ali
was at fault in permitting arbitration since
he made men judges of the matter where
God is the only judge.

The Azariqah
These were the followers of Abu Rashid
Nafi b. al-Azraq.
They accompanied him from Basra to
Ahwaz which they conquered with all
its towns, as well as the districts of
Faris and Kirman beyond it.
This happened at the time of Abdullah
b. al-Zubair whose governors in these
districts they killed.

Innovations of the Azariqa

First, Nafi declared that Ali was
unbeliever.
Nafi held that Abd al-Rahman b.
Muljim was right in what he did, and
said that God revealed of him And
there is the kind of man who gives
his life to earn the pleasure of God

 They further said that Uthman,

Talhah, Zubair, Aishah, Abbas and all
other Muslims with them were
unbelievers and would all be in hell
forever.

 Second, Nafi regarded as unbelievers

those who stayed behind and did not
go into battle, and he was the first to
declare openly his disassociation from
them, even though they agreed with
his opinions
Third, he permitted the killing of the
children and womenfolk of his
opponents

 Fourth, he abolished the punishment

of stoning to death for adultery
because this was not mentioned in
Quran
Fifth, he maintained that the children
of polytheists would be in hell with
their parents
Sixth, concealment, taqiya, is not
lawful in word or in deed.

 Seventh, God may send a prophet of

whom he knows that he will fall into
unbelief after becoming a prophet or that
he was an unbeliever before being a
prophet
Eighth, all the Azariqas agree that
whoever commits a grave sin is an
unbeliever and outside the fold of Islam;
such a person will be eternally in hell with
other unbelievers.

Lov
e

to s
acr
ifice

r
a
m
f
o
e
Lov

m
o
d
tyr

He
m ld t
e a he
ni
ng lite
s o ra
fv l
er
se
s

Lo
ve
ch o
al f s
l e er
ng io
es us

n
b
i
h
a
ll
u
d
b
y
f
A
i
t
d
s
e
e
l
t
l
i
o
k
t
y
d
e
e
h
s
T
u
f
e
r
o
,
h
y
s
w
a
t
b
s
a
o
p
a
Khab
g
n
i
t
t
h
c
i
a
m
m
m
o
o
t
c
s
s
e
a
h
i
l
t
A
d
e
h
s
a
l
s
y
e
h
t
an d
e
f
i
w
s
i
of h
S
d
e
t
p
o
u
r
r
e
t
me
in
:
e
m
o
S
:
c
t
ha l l
h
s
a
w
e
e
h
e
il
h
w
li
A
mu
e
n
g
s
a
e
l
c
i
m
d
e
c
h
t
g
in
r
u
e
s
deliv
se U
to
a
n
t
d
h
r
o
,
h
ma
a
b
t
A
u
Kh
l
i
,
n
ac c
a
n
d to
us e
even stopped
follo
the
ir
w
e
him while he
rs o
ap o
f
s
g
in
m
t
r
o
f
r
a
e
p
s
a
w
sy
the prayers

s
b
a
r
A
m
a
l
s
I
o
e
s
r
o
e
f
r
e
e
b
w
e
y
r
e
e
h
w
T
.
t
s
r
a
e
They
s
w
e
t
i
d
e
e
h
m
t
a
n
c
i
g
m
n
n
a
i
l
o
v
s
i
I
t
a
a
n
le
u
e
t
i
h
s
w
r
i
d
e
n
h
a
t
,
e
r
v
o
o
o
r
p
p
m
i
o
t
e
l
b
a
t
no
.

Reas
ons
for th
rebe
ei r
l

of ale
b
i
r
t
the
e from
a
r
f t he m
Most o
e tribe
h
t
f
o
s
nemie
e
e
h
t
re
ho we
w
h
a
Rab
d Islam
n
a
,
m
a
l
fore Is
e
b
a
h
uiryy
of al-M
s
but wa
s
s
n
e
gid
heir ri
t
t
u
o
o wipe
t
d
e
i
r
t
.
ssen it
e
l
o
t
ble
only a
ir and
u
M
l
a
all from
e
r
a
s
r
e view
e
h
l
t
u
r
o
t
e
aw th
turned
d
n
a
They s
,
s
r
he rule
t
lty of
a
i
o
m
r
c
f
e
d
p
os
age
re is n
diseng
e
h
t
t
a
ling th
u
r
c
i
I s l am
on the
tribes.
r
e
h
t
sh to o
Quray

Sincerity to
Islam, and
because they
envied the
Quraysh for the
place occupied
in the ruling of
the Islamic state

M os t of
the Kha
A r ab s ,
rijites a
v e ry ra
r
e
r
e
are al-M
even th
a w l,
ough th
Khilfah
ei r v i e w
w as o f
of
advanta
the non
ge to
-Arabs.
e
h
t
,
r
e
b
m
u
n
l
l
a
t
m
n
s
a
e
c
h
fi
t
i
n
f
g
o
i
s
e
t
i
s
i
p
e
c
In s
n
e
.
u
s
f
t
n
c
i
e
s
s

s
l
e

t
i
j
w
i
r
a
a
M
h
K
e
h
t
f
o
e
m
in s o

The
Ma
w
l s

Inf
u en
ce

n
a
m
a
d
e
w
o
l
l
a
h
a
y
y
n

n
m
i
w
e
a
o
h
M
t
s
i
l
d
h
n
A
y
a
r
n
,
r
r
w
a
e
o
t
s
i
h
to m daugh
n
f
a
i
o
s
r
r
d
e
e
n
t
P
a
h
r
a
g
g
o
au
s
l
d
a
d
s
n
i
a
r
d
g
n
a
,
g
a
n
i
l
t
n
b
i
.
s
se h a
e
h
c
a
n
it
ll
e
A
w
u
t
he
inf ved tha n-Arabs of
t
f
w
so

e
o
aw ew is
i
l
l
n
e
e
lar
e
b
h
i
u
h
t
t
v
h
p
a
o
g
s
g
i
y
p
n
n
i
h

t
t
o
e
r
,
.
d r am adica
a
y
l
z
s
s
m
a
n
u
e
Y
e
r
l
A sseng ook e Obvio Persia ong th
me aled b pbuh. s the er am
a
g
e
rev mmad ence, essen
u
a
m
f
u
n
a
i
M
f
an e w o
i
s
r
Pe he vi
t
for

Shared Elem
ents among
the Kharijite
sects
1. Al-Najd
t v i e we d
th a t i t i s n
ot a
necessity
t o h av e a
leader if p
eople
can live p
eacefully
without p
roblems.
Only if pe
op l e
could not
liv e
peacefully
that a
leader ma
y be
selected o
ptionally.

in is
s
g
in
t
it
m
m
o
2. C
tasy.
s
o
p
a
f
o
t
c
a
an
There is no
en
e
w
t
e
b
e
c
n
e
r
diffe
er.
h
t
o
n
a
d
n
a
n
i
one s
ke in
a
t
is
m
a
n
e
v
E
a
d
e
r
e
id
s
n
o
c
view is
sy:
a
t
s
o
p
a
d
n
a
sin
r
The reason fo
a
l
a
T
,
l
A
g
in
blam
f
o
r
y
a
b
u
Z
d
n
a
apostasy.

3. Fre
e
gene election
ra
o
in po l view of f the Kha
lif
w
a
follow er as long ll Muslims , elected
throu
, and
ing th
a
s
h
g
e
are c
ompe e Shar does jus the Khalif h a
ti
a
r
ll e d t
o aba h. If he go ce in his t emains
ask,
ndon
e s as
a nd
tray,
him o
M
r kill
him. uslims

s
i
h
a
f

l
i
h
K
e
r
o
f
y
4. Th
l
l
a
c
fi
i
c
e
p
s
t
o
n
r
o
,
s
b
a
r
A
e
s
th
i
t
i
,
s
h
s
y
t
i
a
r
d
n
Qu
a
,
l
l
a
r
o
f
l
a
e
u
b
o
eq
t
e
l
b
a
r
e
.
f
g
e
r
E
p
.
is
sh
y
a
r
u
Q
n
o
n
of
ibn

.
y
s
a
t
s
po
a
f
o
t
d
c
n
a
a
n
n
i
a
s
is
e
n
n
i
o
s
n
g
e
n
we
itti
t
e
m
is
b
m
e
w
o
c
e
i
n
v
e
5. C
in
er
ff
e
i
n
k
d
o
a
s
t
o
a
s
n
i
e
r
s
i
e
am
h
T
n
:
e
y
v
There
s
E
ta
r.
s
e
o
of
h
p
t
r
a
o
y
n
d
a
a
n
b
a
u
Z
n
i
d
s
ed
n
a
a
d

n
d
a
e
e

r
l
ff
e
yo
, Ta
e

l
h
A
t
consid
s
g
in
se
a
m
.
b
a
p
l
s
i
u
b
o
h
r
r
t
o
g
f
on
lim
d
s
e
u
s
a
M
B
y
a
y.
it
t
r
s
o
a
o
j
t
a
s
n
o
m
is
ap
he
t
t
i
t
s
t
n
i
if
tha
aga
r
d
e
e
d
a
ew
e
l
i
ut
v
a
o
t
h

e
t
i
v
jd
w
a
a
h
N
y
l
l
t
o
l
t
u
o
A
f
n
e
y
t
i
6.
c
d
l
ss
u
ea
e
o
p
c
c
e
e
y
le
n
a
l iv
p
o
n
m
e
a
r
p
c
e
f
i
d
e
l
a
y
p
l
e
l
a
On
peo
t
.
.
s
a
y
h
l
m
l
t
e
a
l
y
n
l
ti o
prob eaceful
p
o
d
e
p
t
e
c
le
liv
e
s
e
b