Any crime in which computer-related

technology is encountered.

The commission of illegal acts through

the use of a computer or against a
computer system.
Business attacks
Financial attacks
Terrorist attacks
Grudge attacks
Fun attacks
Fraud by computer manipulation.

Computer forgery.

Damage to or modifications of computer data or

programs.

Spamming

Cyber terrorism
Unauthorized access to computer systems and service.

Unauthorized reproduction of legally protected computer

programs .

Obscene or offensive content.

Harassment.

Drug trafficking.
Theft, Piracy
Illegal Goods and Services
Conspiracy
Harassment
Vandalism, Destruction of Property
Interpersonal/Social Violence
 Lack of understanding

 Lack of physical evidence

 Lack of recognition of assets

 Lack of political impact

 Complexity of case

 Juveniles
Multinational activity
 No international laws for computer crimes

Complexity
 Networked attacks hard to trace
The role in combating cyber crime is essentially
two-fold:

(1)preventing cyber attacks before they occur or

limiting their scope by disseminating warnings
and advisories about threats so that potential
victims can protect themselves

(2) responding to attacks that do occur by

investigating and identifying the perpetrator
 1960’s – Hacking began as problem-solving
 1970’s
 Privacy Violations, Salami Slicing (EFT), Phone
Phreaking, Trespass; Distribution of Illicit Materials
 1980’s
 Software Piracy/Copyright violations, Viruses, Phone
Phreaking, Trespass; Commercialization of Illicit
Material Distribution
 1990’s
 IP Spoofing, File Transfer Protocol Abuse, Phantom
Nodes, Protocol Flaws
 2000’s
 Automated Hacking, Desktop Forgery, International
Industrial Espionage; Transnational Organized Crime
and Terrorism (derived from Parker, SRI)
The Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I) in
India set up a ‘Cyber Crime Investigation
Cell’ and "Cyber Crime Research
&Development Unit" (CCRDU) to collect and
collate information on cyber crimes reported
from different parts of the country.
Offence of online obscenity – section 67
Quantum of punishment reduced for first
Conviction

Earlier – 5 years
Now- Reduced to 3 years

Cyber crimes punishable with imprisonment of

three years are bail able offences.

Helps the cyber criminals

Confidential information and data of corporations and

their adequate protection

Not a comprehensive law on data protection or on

digital secrets.

Only a couple of sections on data protection.

Offence of hacking – section 66

Completely deleted from the law book.

This actually impacts-

The growing Indian economy

The normal common man and

Corporate India.

The proposed amendments have in turn

made the IT Act like “A tiger without

teeth”.
 Growth and development of cyber technologies
has changed the threat environment

 Technology creates dependencies that evolve to

interdependency
 A significant attack on one can directly
impact others (cascade effect)

 Pervasiveness of cyber technologies redefines

security
 Physical attacks have cyber consequences
and cyber attacks have physical
consequences
 Attackers well aware of the potential impact of
using cyberspace
 Nations adding Computer Network Warfare to
strategy and doctrine
 Terrorist groups developing cyber capabilities
(Al Qaeda)
 Criminal groups have been using cyberspace for
years
 Critical infrastructures prime target for
exploitation and compromise (i.e., water,
energy, chemical)

 Open society generates many

opportunities for information
and financial exploitation
Financial
Commercial
Professional
Occupational
Recreational
Ideological
Obviously computer crime is on the rise, but so is
the awareness and ability to fight it.  Law
enforcement realizes that it is happening more
often than it is reported and are doing there best
to improve existing laws and create new laws as
appropriate.  The problem is not with the
awareness or the laws, but with actually reporting
that a crime has occurred.  Hopefully people will
begin to realize that unless they report these
crimes and get convictions, those committing
computer crimes will continue to do so.