Disease severity

measurement on plant leaf

using image processing

Guided By
Dr. A.N.
CHEERAN

Presented By
PIYUSH
CHAUDHARY
ID NO.102150011

CONTENT
Aim
Introduction
Literature survey
Image processing techniques
Disease spot detection
Disease severity measurement
Leaf area measurement
Conclusion

Aim
Complete analysis of plant leaf for disease

severity
measurement
processing.

using

image

Introduction
According to UN in 2050:
World population will be 9.1 billion.
70% more food production is needed for this population.

In developing countries like India, 60% people are

dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.

contributes nearly 19% to Indias G.D.P.
Around 51% of the geographical area in India is
already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the
world average.
Growth in agriculture has a maximum cascading
impact on entire economy and the large segment of
population.

Literature survey

Diseases in plants

Losses because of diseases

Plant diseases are important factors, as it can

cause significant reduction in both quality and

quantity of crops in agriculture production.
Average loss in agriculture production is 32%

India is losing agricultural production worth

Rs. 1.48 lac crore annually

Observation for disease

severity measurement

Leaf observation is done by:

a) Detection of leaf spot disease
b) Disease severity measurement
c)

Leaf area measurement

Disease severity
measurement
Disease severity is measured for loss

predication and disease control decision.

Two terms are used for taking decision about
disease control:
Economic threshold level
Economic injury level

Disease severity measurement process:

Calculate disease severity percentage on plant

leaf.
Calculate disease intensity for the plant.
Calculate disease severity for the whole farm.

Disease severity
measurement techniques
Disease spot count
Rating of sample leaf using disease scale.

Standard area diagrams

Image processing techniques

The discussion of the Image Processing

steps
used
in
disease
severity
measurement should be divided in five
major groups:
Disease spot detection
Disease spot counting
Disease and leaf area measurement.
Disease severity percentage calculation
Rating.

Disease spot detection

techniques
Naked eye observation method.
Grid paper method.
By image processing technique:
a) Image acquisition.
b) Image pre-processing.
c)

Image segmentation.

Disease spot detection using

Image processing
Combination of OTSU threshold and Median

filter is used by some researchers.

Main obstacle in this process is noise which
is introduced because of
Background noise
Camera flash
Veins in plant leaf

Plant Leaf Structure

In Monocot family plants, mostly veins are

parallel and less visible.

In Dicot family plants veins form a netted
pattern, in which larger veins are thicker and
straighter. In the process of disease spot
detection disturbance mainly occurs because
of these thicker veins.
Monocot family plant leaf
Dicot family
plant leaf

disease spot detection using

Image processing
Some researchers used color transform

technique before image segmentation to

improve results.
Color models used by researchers are:
a) HSI color model.
b) YCbCr color model.

Brightness

and color components are

separated from each other.
Threshold is applied on color component.

Image processing steps used

in disease severity
measurement

Image Color Transform

In plant, leaf vein is different in intensity and

disease spot is different in color, in

comparison to plant leaf.
For minimize the effect of presence of vein,
RGB image should be color transformed
before segmentation.
Three color models are compared HSI Color Model
YCbCr Color Model
CIELAB Color Model

HSI Color Model

H describe pure color, S measures the

colorfulness and I shows the amplitude of

light.
Threshold is applied on H component.
Conversion formula for HSI color model
where

YCbCr Color Model

Widely used in digital video.
Y indicates luminance component and Cb,

Cr indicates color component.

Cb
is
the
difference
between
blue
components and Cr is the difference
between red components.
Conversion Formula Y = 0.299*R + 0.587*G + 0.114*B
Cb = -0.168*R 0.331*G 0.500*B
Cr = 0.500*R 0.418*G 0.081*B

CIELAB Color Model

Device independent color model, Defined

by CIE.

Brightness and color information of LAB

color model is independent of each other.

Conversion Formulas for LAB color model

are-

L = 0.212*R + 0.715*G + 0.0722*B

A = 1.4749*(0.221*R 0.339*G + 0.177*B) + 128
B = 0.6245*(0.194*R + 0.605*G 0.800*B) + 128

CIELAB Color Model

In

CIELAB color
model,
L
describes
color
brightness;
A
describes the color
ranging from green
to red and B
describes the color
ranging from blue
to yellow.

CIELAB Color Model

Image Smoothing
During image collection, some noise may be

introduced because of camera flash.

To
remove
unnecessary
spot,
smoothing technique is needed.
Median filter is used for this purpose.

Image

Image Smoothing using Median

Filter
Non linear filter
The median of a numerical

collection is such that half the

values in collection are less than
or equal to median, and half are
greater than or equal to median.
Three step algo:Moving window.
Shorting and rearrange .
Select middle value.

Image Segmentation
Object are separated from each other.
The segmentation process is based on

various features found in the image like:

Color information that is used to create

histograms.
edges or boundaries
texture information.

Threshold Based
Segmentation
It is important to select

a threshold of gray level

for extract the disease
spot from plant leaf.
If the histogram has
sharp and deep valley
between two peaks,
bottom of the valley
can
be
chosen
as
threshold.
problem occurs when
valley is flat and broad.

OTSU Method
Otsu method is used to automatically select

an optimal threshold.
Otsus thresholding method is based on
selecting the lowest point between two
classes .
Just run through the full range of t values
[1,256] and pick the value that :Minimizes the within class variance.
Maximizes the between class variance.

Object Counting
Normally, there is more than one spot on plant leaf image.

Therefore counting the disease spot is important to

estimate the loss.
A pair of adjoining pixels is part of the same object only if
they are both on and are connected along the horizontal,
vertical, and diagonal direction.

Disease spot detection

Flow Chart: Disease spot

detection
Image Collection
Image Color Transform
YCbCr Color Model
HSI Color Model
CIELAB Color Model

Image Smoothing
Disease Spot Segmentation
Comparison

Experimentation: Disease spot

detection
Four methods are used and compare to get best

method for disease spot detection.

Apply Otsu threshold on RGB image.
Apply Otsu threshold on Cr component of YCbCr color

space.
Apply Otsu threshold on H component of HSI color
space.
Apply Otsu threshold on A component of CIELAB color
space.
Research is categorize into three parts Experiments with noisy background.
Experiment with disturbance because of vein.
Experiment with different colored disease spots.

Experiments with noisy

background
RGB Image

of iris leaf
Method:1
Method: 2
Method:3
Method: 4

Experiments with noisy

background
RGB Image
Method:1
Method: 2
Method:3
Method: 4

Experiments with noisy

background
Conclusions from these results are:
Using threshold on RGB image disease spot cant

be detected accurately (method 1).

Using threshold on H component of HSI color
model and Cr component of YCBCR color
model, disease spots can be detected in some
cases but not in all. So results are dependent on
type of background (method 2, 3).
Results show that using threshold on A
component of CIELAB color model in all cases
disease spots are detected accurately and results
are independent of background (method 4)

Experiment with disturbance

because of vein
RGB Image
Method:1
Method: 2
Method:3
Method: 4

Experiment with disturbance

because of vein
Conclusions from these results are:
Using threshold on RGB image neither we can detect disease

spot nor we can eliminate disturbance because of background

and veins (method 1).
Using threshold on Cr component of YCbCr color model,
some disease spots are detected effectively, but disturbance
because of vein is present in results. So results depend on type
of leaf and vein (method2).
Using threshold on H component of HSI color model only few
disease spots can be detected. Disturbance because of vein is
also present in some cases. So results depend on type of leaf
and background (method 3).
Using threshold on A component of CIELAB color model
disease spots can be detected accurately in all cases.
Experiments show that results are independent of type of plant
leaf (method 4).

Experiment with different

colored disease spots.
Using CIELAB color transform (Method 4) noise is

removed effectively:
This method is also checked with different
colored disease spots and results are -

Disease severity
measurement

Flow Chart: Disease severity

measurement

Disease and leaf Region

Segmentation
Threshold is applied on A component of

CIELAB color transformed image.

Binary image is inverted in color and region
filling technique is used for leaf region
segmentation

Disease severity
measurement
Objects are counted using 8-connected
neighborhood technique.
Formulas for area calculation and
disease severity measurement are:

Disease scale is used for assessment of

disease severity on plant leaf:

Experimentation: Disease
severity measurement
Sample leaves

Rating of sample leaves

according disease
severity percentage

Accuracy test: Disease

severity measurement

Error in disease spot counting

Error in closer spot
counting

Error because of vain

color difference

Leaf area measurement

Review of Leaf area

measurment techniques
Using regression equation: A = b*l*w
Grid count method
Gravimetric method
Image processing techniques:
a) Threshold based technique
b) Edge detection based technique

Flowchart: Leaf area

measurement

Leaf area measurement

Image acquisition

Leaf area
calculation

Leaf region segmentation

Experimentation: Leaf area

measurement
Sample leaves

Results

Conclusion
Applying threshold on color component one can

get good segmentation of disease spot.

In this research HSI, YCbCr and CIELAB color
models are compared and finally A component of
CIELAB color model is used.
Following this method different disease spots are
detected accurately and results are not affected by
background, type of leaf, type of disease spot and
camera.
Average
accuracy
of
disease
severity
measurement algorithm is above 99% which is
confirmed by calculating area of known area
objects.

Cont..
Leaf area is also an important part of

plant to analyze the growth and predict the

yield.
Average accuracy of this algorithm is above
99% which is confirmed by comparing the
results with measurements of grid count
method.

Future Work
Further to this it is needed to compute disease

severity in other parts of plant like fruits, stem

and root.

Publications
Piyush Chaudhary, Dr. A.N. Cheeran, Anand

Chaudhari and Sharda Godara Color transform

based approach for disease spot detection on
plant leaf, International Journal of Computer
Science and Telecommunications (IJCST), Vol.3,
Issue.6, June 2012, pp. 65-70.
Piyush Chaudhary, Sharda Godara, Dr. A.N.
Cheeran and Anand Chaudhari, Fast and
accurate method for leaf area measurement
International Journal of Computer
Applications(IJCA), July 2012 edition (will
published on 28-JUL-2012)

Publications
Piyush Chaudhary and Dr. A.N. Cheeran, Fast

and reliable method for disease severity

measurement, 2012Third International
Conference on Emerging Applications of
Information Technology (EAIT), IEEE, 29 Nov-1
Dec 2012, (Decision Pending)
Anand Chaudhari, Piyush Chaudhary, Dr. A.N.
Cheeran and Dr. Yashant Aswani, Improving
signal to noise ratio of low does CT image using
wavelet transform, International Journal on
Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE),
Vol.4 No.5, May 2012, pp. 779-787.