Universe

RESEARCH TOBICES:

Study theories about the beginning of the

bigbang
Knowledge of the properties of black holes.
Studies about intelligent life.
Knowing how to measure the distances
between objects space.

Big bang
TheBig Bangtheory is the prevailingcosmologicalmodel for
the early development of theuniverse .
The key idea is that the universe isexpanding.
the Big Bang model suggests that at some moment all of
space was contained in a single point, which is considered
the beginning of the universe.
Modern measurements place this moment at approximately
13.8billionyears ago.

After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to

allow the formation ofsubatomic particles, includingprotons
,neutrons, andelectrons.

Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced

throughgravityto formstarsand galaxies, and the heavier
elements were synthesized eitherwithin starsor
during supernovae.

Singularity:Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in

time using general relativity yields an infinitedensityand
temperature at a finite time in the past.
This singularity is sometimes called "the Big Bang",but the
term can also refer to the early hot, dense phase
itself,which can be considered the "birth" of our universe.
Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia
supernovae, measurements of temperature fluctuations in
thecosmic microwave background, and measurements of
thecorrelation functionof galaxies, the universe has a
calculated age of 13.798 0.037billion years.

Inflation:
He earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much
speculation. In the most common models the universe was
filledhomogeneouslyandisotropicallywith an incredibly
highenergy densityand huge temperatures andpressures
and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. Approximately
1037seconds into the expansion, aphase transitioncaused
acosmic inflation, during which the universe grew
exponentially.

Cooling:

The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in

temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was
decreasing.Symmetry breakingphase transitions put the
fundamental forcesof physics and the parameters of
elementary particlesinto their present form.[21]After about
1011seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since
particle energies drop to values that can be attained in
particle physicsexperiments. At about 106seconds.

After about 379,000 years the electrons and nuclei

combined into atoms.

Structure formation:

Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the

nearly uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted
nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas
clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical
structures observable today.

Dark energy:
Measurements of thered shiftmagnituderelation fortype Ia
supernovaeindicate that the expansion of the universe has
beenacceleratingsince the universe was about half its
present age.
Dark energy also helps to explain two geometrical measures
of the overall curvature of the universe, one using the
frequency of gravitational lenses, and the other using the
characteristic pattern of the large-scale structure as a
cosmic ruler

The future according to the Big Bang theory:

If the massdensityof the universe were greater than the
critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum
size and then begin to collapse.It would become denser and
hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it
starteda Big Crunch.
if the density in the universe were equal to or below the
critical density, the expansion would slow down but never
stop. Star formation would cease with the consumption of
interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out leaving
white dwarfs,neutron stars, andblack holes. Very gradually,
collisions between these would result in mass accumulating
into larger and larger black holes.

cosmic distance ladder:

Outlines:
Comoving distance
Comoving coordinate
Uses of the proper distance
Light year

cosmic distance ladder:

is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine
the distances to celestial objects.
The ladder analogy arises because no one technique can
measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy.
Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby
distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to
intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder
provides information that can be used to determine the
distances at the next higher rung.

Comoving distance:

measures used by cosmologiststo define distances between

objects.

Comoving distancefactors out the expansion of the universe,

giving a distance that does not change in time due to the
expansion of space.

Comoving coordinate:
While general relativity allows one to formulate the laws of
physics using arbitrary coordinates, some coordinate choices
are more natural (e.g. they are easier to work with). Comoving
coordinates are an example of such a natural coordinate choice.
A comoving observer is the only observer that will perceive the
universe, including thecosmic microwave background radiation ,
to beisotropic. Non-comoving observers will see regions of the
sky systematicallyblue-shiftedorred-shifted. Thus isotropy,
particularly isotropy of the cosmic microwave background
radiation, defines a special localframe of referencecalled the
comoving frame. The velocity of an observer relative to the
local comoving frame is called thepeculiar velocityof the
observer.

Space in comoving coordinates is usually referred to as being

"static", as most bodies on the scale of galaxies or larger are
approximately comoving, and comoving bodies have static,
unchanging comoving coordinates. So for a given pair of
comoving galaxies, while the proper distance between them
would have been smaller in the past and will become larger
in the future due to the expansion of space, the comoving
distance between them remainsconstantat all times.

Uses of the proper distance:

Cosmological timeis identical to locally measured time
for an observer at a fixed comoving spatial position,
that is, in the localcomoving frame .

To measure the proper distance between

twodistantobjects, one imagines that one has many
comoving observers in a straight line between the
two objects, so that all of the observers are close to
each other, and form a chain between the two distant
objects.

Laws uses To calculation :

Light year:
Light year is the distance light can travel in vacuum in one
years time. This distance is equivalent to roughly
9,461,000,000,000 km or 5,878,000,000,000 miles.
Pluto, at its farthest orbit distance from the Sun, is only about
7,400,000,000 km from the center of our Solar System.
Because of its great scale, the light year is one of the units
of distance used for astronomical objects.
AUis the average distance between the Earth and the Sun,
and is roughly equivalent to 150,000,000 km. It is normally
used when describing distances within the Milky Way. Always
remember that the year we have been referring to here is
not based in the internationally-accepted Gregorian Calendar

BLACK HOLES

WHAT IS THE BLACK

HOLES??
In fact its not a hole (but it seems to be )
Actually , its a large mass in a small volume.

>>>>> generates a very high density.

SCIENTISTS called it also {THE AGE OF DEATH}

BLACK HOLES Theories :

1965
Einstein , in THE THEORY OF RELATIVELY

Stephen Hong, has thus been about his

theory, which states,

"" Fallen objects in black holes can come out
of it, but in hard conditions"

Properties of BK.HOLES:

Swim in the sky (High speeds)

Looks like a cloud
Different sizes
Radiant
Able to attract everything [even light]

Can we distinguish BK.HOLES?

Another method involves dense stellar gathering and passing

through the main collapse as energy thermal performance
of the system transmits speed dispersion in the heart to the
relative speeds are enormous. It may be likely to constitute
a giant holes directly happened and the impact of external
pressure in the first phase of the Big Bang.
The problem lies in the formation of giant holes to get enough
material in a compact size, this article requires that still
almost all momentum angular so this can happen, the
transfer of this angular momentum outward impeding factor
in the giant hole growth process look like, and lead to the
formation of growth

Giant holes outside the Milky Way:

In May 2004, Powell Badovina Paolo Padovani and astronomers
senior others announced their discovery of about 30 black
hole hidden giant outside the Milky Way galaxy, and
suggests their discovery that there are at least double these
holes was also a belief in the past, is now believed that each
galaxy contains a giant hole in the position, most of whom
will be in the inactive state does not attract a lot of material
around it.


Old giant holes:
A team of astronomers led by Roger Roman Roger Romani of Stanford
University, Stanford University giant black hole and very old age lives
this hole in the heart of a very distant galaxy, and Hristiarham is enough
time so the hole and bringing the current size of the rise, it is about 10
billion times the sun block, and longer one of the oldest holes giant
known to now, it has old identified about 12.7 billion years ago, which
means that it constitutes only a billion years from the start of the
universe formed, and in this period, the universe was very young, he is
in a period in which so-called scientists dark Ages, which began after
about a billion years after the Big Bang, when the start of the universe
in the cooling and the beginning of the emergence of black holes, stars
and galaxies, and the presence of black holes giant developing in the
first beginnings of the universe defies the current theoretical models of
galaxies and processes forming and development, so try to understand
this hole obtain sufficient mass to reach its current size is a big
challenge for scientists, and there is still time so that they could
Declaration results.

LIFE IN UNIVERSE

What is the probability of life existing else where in

the universe?' and,

What are the reasons behind the privacy of life on
the planet in the universe??
source of life.
searching Earth-like planets habitable.
The chemistry of Atmosphere
source of life.
little chance of finding life in our galaxy.
Discover other worlds and investment and protect
the Earth

theory of entropy in the second law of

Thermodynamic which attempted to explain

the increase in the universe

SUMMRY

Whenever we thought well we will reach further

develop intelligent life and discover the folds
of Cosmic Life

NEBULA

Nebula:
A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust , hydrogen, helium

and other ionized gases.

Originally nebula was a name for any diffuse astronomical
object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way .
The Andromeda Galaxy , for instance was referred to as the
Andromeda nebula before the true nature of galaxies was
confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher , Edwin
Hubble and others.
Most nebula are vast size , reaching size of even hundreds
of light years in diameter . Although denser than the space
surrounding them , most nebula are far less dense than any
vacuum created in Earthen environment a nebular cloud
the size of the earth would weigh only a few kilograms.

 Nebulae are often star-forming regions such as in the

Eagle Nebula. This nebula is depicted in one of

NASAs most famous images,
the Pillars of
Creation

In these region the formations of gas , dust , and

other materials
clump together to form larger
masses , which attract further matter and eventually
will become massive enough to form a stars.

 Pillars of Creation Eagle

Nebula

FORMATION:
Many nebulae or stars form from the gravitational collapse of gas in the

interstellar medium . As the material collapse under its own weight ,

massive stars may form in the center, and their ultraviolet radiation
ionizes the surrounding, making visible at optical wavelengths. Examples
of these types of nebulae are the Rosette Nebula and the Pelican
Nebula .
The size of these nebulae, known as HII regions , varies depending on the
size of the original cloud of gas . New stars are formed in the nebulae . The
formed stars are sometimes known as a young , loose cluster
Some nebulae are formed as the result of supernova explosions, the death
throes of massive, short-lived stars. The materials thrown off from the
supernova explosion are ionized by energy and the compact object that it
can produce. One of the best examples is the Crab Nebula in Taurus .
The supernova event was recorded in the year 1054. The compact object
that was created after the explosion lies in the center of the Crab Nebula
and is neutron star.

Other nebulae may form as planetary nebulae. This is the final

stage of a low mass stars life , like Earths Sun . Stars with
a mass up to 8-10 solar masses evolve into red giants and
slowly lose their outer layers during pulsations in their
atmospheres. When a star has lost enough materials , its
temperature increases and the ultraviolet radiation it emits
can ionize the surrounding nebula that it has thrown off. The
nebula is almost 97% hydrogen 3% helium , plus trace
amounts of other elements .

Pelican Nebula

Rosette Nebula

TYEPS OF NEBULA:
DARK NEBULA
DIFFUS NEBULA
PLANTERY NEBULA
SUPERNOVA REMNATS

DARK NEBULA:

A dark nebula or absorption nebula is a type of interstellar

cloud that is so dense obscures the light from objects behind

it, such as background stars and emission or reflection
nebulae.

The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust

grains located in the coldest densest parts of large

molecular clouds.

DUFFIUS BEBULA:

Most nebulae can be described as diffuse nebulae, which

means that they are extended and contain no well-defined

boundaries. In visible light these nebulae may be divided
into Emission and Reflection nebulae.
Emission nebulae emit spectral line radiation from ionized

gas.
Refection nebulae themselves do not emit significant

amounts of visible light, but are stars near and reflect light
from them .

PLANETARY NEBULA:

Planetary nebula form from the gaseous shells that are

ejected from low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars when
they transform into white dwarfs.

They are emission nebulae found in star formation regions.

Technically they are HII regions, because most hydrogen will

be ionized , but they are denser and more compact than the
nebulae in star formation regions.
Planetary nebula where given their name by the first

astronomical observers who become able to distinguish

them from planets, who tended to confuse them with
planets, of more interest to them. Our Sun is expected to
spawn a planetary nebula about 12 billon years after its
formation.

Planetary Nebula 1

Planetary Nebula 2

Explanations of the universe and its

origins legends
Man is still not up to even though he arrived at the peak of
scientific knowledge collected, and these perceptions
Majribt universe starting point. Koran came, the miracle of
the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, to reveal the
phenomena of the universe and the basic facts, because
everything in the universe caused by the process of creating
carried out by the Almighty Creator.

Uranus and the origins of the

universe:
The story of the creation of the Greek universe says that the
universe was in ruins and was Uranus afraid of the large
number of children who were Msokha terrible, it hid them in
the ground and depths, while their loved ones Jaya very
much and angry at Uranus her husband because he hid
them in the depths of how avenge his father's land, and
designed in the innermost itself on revenge, the god Kronos
time was the youngest sons of Gaia and Uranus, the only
one who did not hide from his father, made him Jaya scythe
of the strongest and most rocks found by, then gave it to
him and explained to him exactly Uranus.

Myths of creation of the universe to

the children of the Yoruba in Africa:
In the beginning, in the highest heaven, and water in the
bottom, and the Orisha dominant force, a council of the
gods, the sky was aleurone control, however, while in the
water at the bottom was Aolokon is dominant. One day, God
decided to create Optla land. Asked for permission so Orun
governor consulted the gods of heaven and Ornoumilh,
which was the major Chancellor and Her opinion and
wisdom of the Council of the Gods. She Ornomylh: "To
create a land we need some things," and then she explains
the details: "long gold chain, a coincidence spiral filled with
sand, white hen a black cat and a palm tree" (meaning here
especially palm tree, grows in Africa, and is extracted from
the fruit wine)

Myths:
Continued Optla drinking wine, bottle after bottle, and
continued to produce more clay forms, after he had finished
making these forms asked Auloron, the master of the sky,
that sends a spirit in this clay forms of manufacture,
responded Auloron to his demand to be seen in this second
day shapes creatures live breathe and move. Obtla I have
encountered one problem: all these creatures were ugly and
shapeless
Frantically and swear never to drink wine during the
production of forms. Optla sat down again and took the
resulting shapes of the mud again, but the people that
shape the clay was fully integrated in this time. Inflatable
Orun spirit in these people were neat, and spread in the
case of the construction of houses and cities.

Myths cont,d:
Optla become human master who decides to create
things or destroy it.
All the gods Alayryca (Council of the Gods) is very
happy with what he did Optla, except Olokon sea
god, who is very angry that no one has Esicrh at
any stage of the creation of the earth and mankind.
In his anger created a huge flood, most of the work
done by Optla wiped out. After the flood, everyone
realized that the blessing of the water source and
the life of the land, but he can also destroy the
earth and sabotage

Reply to atheists:
This example, which moved Wahiduddin Khan for the American world,
"Christie Morrison," which shows the impossibility to say the existence of
the universe and take a coincidence.
He said: "If you took ten dirhams and wrote the numbers from one to ten,
and then threw it in your pocket and Khalttha well, then tried to get out of
the one to the tenth in numerical order to receive all the AED in your
pocket after eating again, Vamkan that address written DRAM by one in the
first attempt is one in ten, and the possibility to get out of dirhams from 110 and one in ten in the order of billions. "(See science calls for faith p. 51).

And how much it takes to build this universe arose by chance if the Pure and
the agreement? The account in the same way that makes this possibility
imaginary difficult to account, as well as everything in the universe is that
it tells a sire wise education expert, but human ignorance Azloum

References and resources :

1- Dirk Schulze-Makuch Louis N. Irwin Life in the Universe Expectations and Constraints.
2- Angel, J.R.P., Woolf, N.J., 1996: Searching for life on other planets, Scientific
American, Apr., 46. See also Beichman, C.A. 1996: A Road Map for the
Exploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems.
3- Peter Ulmschneider Intelligent Life in the Universe From Common Origins
to the Future of Humanity.
4- Pale Blue Dot - see? The future of human space Written by: Carl Sagan
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Comoving_distance.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_distance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85
http://www.alkoon.alnomrosi.net/Holes/blackhole.html
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes /
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
http://www.ladeenyon.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=21389
http://www.forsanhaq.com/showthread.php?t=164007

This project produced By :

ASHARAF AL-LASAMI
AHMAED AL SHIAB
MOHAMMAD MAHAYRY
OMAR KHASHASHNEH
IBRAHEM ABO ALHAIJA
YAHYA ISIED