Computer Architecture

1 Introduction
2 Computer Logic
3 Computer Arithmetic
4 Instruction Set
5 Assembly Language
6 Processing Unit
7 Memory System
8 Input-Output
9 High Performance Computing
Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Historical Evolution
Year
1834
1936
1943
1944
1946
1949
1951
1952
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1964
1965
1970
1974
1974
1978
1981
1985
1987
1990

Name
Analytical Eng.
Z1
COLOSSUS
Mark I
ENIAC I
EDSAC
Whirlwind I
IAS
PDP-1
1401
7094
B5000
360
6600
PDP-8
PDP-11
8080
CRAY-1
VAX
IBM PC
MIPS
SPARC
RS6000

Made by
Babbage
Zuse
British gov't
Aiken
Eckert/Mauchl
Wilkes
M.I.T
Von Neumann
DEC
IBM
IBM
Burroughs
IBM
CDC
DEC
DEC
Intel
Cray
DEC
IBM
MIPS
Sun
IBM

Comments
First attempt to build a digital computer
First working relay calculating machine
First electronic computer
First American general-purpose computer
Modern computer history starts here
First stored-program computer
First real-time computer
Most current machines use this design
First minicomputer (50 sold)
Enormously popular small business machine
Dominated scientific computing in the early 1960s
First machine designed for a high-level language
First product line designed as a family
First scientific supercomputer
First mass-market minicomputer (50,000 sold)
Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s
First general-purpose 8-bit computer on a chip
First vector supercomputer
First 32-bit superminicomputer
Started the modern personal computer era
First commercial RISC machine
First SPARC-based RISC workstation
First superscalar machine

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

ENIAC

1943-1946
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
18.000 vacuum tubes
30 tones
150 m2
140 kW
Decimal
5000 additions per second
John von Neumann
Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Chip

Year

MHz

Transistors

Memory

Notes

4004

1971

0.108

2,300

640

First microprocessor on a chip

8008

1972

0.108

3,500

16KB

First 8-bit microprocessor

8080

1974

6,000

64KB

First general-purpose CPU on a chip

8086

1978

5-10

29,000

1 MB

First 16-bit CPU on a chip

8088

1979

5-8

29,000

1 MB

Used in IBM PC

80286

1982

8-12

134,000

16MB

Memory protection present

80386

1985

16-33

275,000

4 GB

First 32-bit CPU

80486

1989

25-100

1.2M

4 GB

Built-in 8K cache memory, FPU

Pentium

1993

60-233

3.1M

4 GB

Two pipelines; later models had MMX

Pentium Pro

1995

150-200

5.5M

4 GB

Two levels of cache built in

Pentium II

1997

233-400

7.5M

4 GB

Pentium Pro plus MMX (SIMD)

Pentium III

1999

450-1200

10M

4 GB

Streaming SIMD Extention (SSE), 80 bit

Pentium 4

2000

1500-4000

42M

64GB

Hyperthreading, Br. Prd., SSE2,3, 128 bit

Itanium

2001

800-2000

25M

64GB

64-bit CPU, SSE3

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Computer Types
Type

Price (USD) Example

Disposable Computer

Gadgets

Embeded Computer

10

Home appliances

Game Computer

100

Game stations

Personal Computer

1K

Desktop or Notebook

Server

10K

Network Server

Collection of WSs

100K

Department

Mainframe

1M

Bank Data Processing

Supercomputer

10M

Weather forecasting

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Abstract layers of computer use

User Interface
Application
Operating System
Drivers, BIOS
Hardware

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Abstract layers of computer

Level 5

Problem-oriented language level

Translation (compiler)

Level 4

Assembly language level

Translation (assembler)

Level 3

OS machine level

Partial interpretation
(operating system)

Level 2

Instruction set architecture level

Interpretation (mprog)
or direct execution

Level 1

Microarchitecture level

Hardware

Level 0

Digital Logic Level

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

Computer Structure

Main
Memory

CPU
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus

I/O

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

PC structure

Power Source
Circuit Board - MotherBoard
Processor
Memory Slots
Chips
Rear/Front Connectors
Sockets where the edge connectors of
I/O boards can be inserted
Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

PC structure

CPU

Main
Memory

Monitor

Keyboard

HD

Network

Video
Controller

Keyboard
Controller

HD
Controller

Network
Controller

Bus

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

10

Device Controllers

The job of a controller is to control its I/O device and handle bus
access for it.
When a program wants data from the disk for example, it gives a
command to the disk controller, which then issues seeks and other
commands to the drive. When the proper track and sector have
been located, the drive begins outputting the data as a serial bit
stream to the controller. The controller breaks the bit stream up into
units and sends them further.
A controller that reads or writes data to or from memory without CPU
intervention performs DMA (Direct Memory Access).
When the transfer is completed, the controller normally causes an
interrupt, forcing the CPU to suspend running its current program
and start running a special procedure, called an interrupt handler,
to check for errors, take any special action needed, and inform the
operating system that the I/O is now finished. When the interrupt
handler is finished, the CPU continues with the program that was
suspended when the interrupt occurred
Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

11

Later PC Structure
CPU

Main
Memory

Monitor

SCSI chain

USB chain

Network

Video
Controller

SCSI
Controller

USB
Controller

Network
Controller

Memory Bus
PCI Bridge

PCI Bus
ISA Bridge

ISA Bus
Printer
Controller

Modem

Sound
Card

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

12

CPU Structure

ALU

Registers

Control

Computer Architecture - UPB, FILS, 2014

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