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Consolidation
Oct 2013
Prof Harry Tan
Outline
Terzaghi Theory
Useful Elastic Solutions
Oedometer Tests
FEM Theory
FEM compared with Terzaghi
Consolidation of Realistic Soils
Example of Consolidation in Reclaimed Land
Secondary Compression and Creep
2
1D CONSOLIDATION
Assumptions made:
soil is fully saturated
pore water is incompressible
Darcy's law is valid
isotropic (constant) permeability
linear elastic soil behaviour
load
applied instantaneously
1D CONSOLIDATION
apply surcharge loadrapidly
initial
ground surface
pw = pw, o
t=0
pw, t=o =
z
rigid impermeable layer
consolidation process completed
settlement s
pw = pw, o
t=
= +
pw = pw, o + pw, t
pw, t = t
0<t<
= + t
1D CONSOLIDATION
the change in pore pressure (pw) with time and
position within the layer can be expressed by the
partial differential equation
p w
2 p w
cv
t
z 2
with
k E oed
cv
w
cv . coefficient of consolidation
2 M 2 Tv
Ut 1 e
m 0 M
1
2m 1
2
6
1D CONSOLIDATION
Ut average degree of consolidation
Tv dimensionless time factor
Ut
p w ,o p w , t
p w , 0
s t
Tv
cv t
D2
k E oed
t
2
w D
NOTE:
D .... drainage path, NOT thickness of layer !
U .... depends on Tv and boundary conditions
Tv ... depends on problem (pw, o - distribution)
1D CONSOLIDATION
t1: bottom of layer not yet influenced
by consolidation process
surcharge load
t=0
slope of Isochrones
> hydraulic gradient
t = t1 t = t2
t = t3
/ w
horizontal tangent > dv/dz = 0
(no flow) at bottom boundary
t=
clay layer
fully saturated
D
45
impermeable
1D CONSOLIDATION
permeable
Tv
D
permeable
degree of consolidation Ut
Isochrones: lines of excess pore pressures (pw, t) at a given time
For
Then
cv is Coeficient of
Consolidation
v
v
2
Tv
Uv 2
Tv is Time factor
2
Tv
4
1 e
ct
T
H
kv
cv
mv w
Tv 0.21
4
10
Drainage Boundaries
11
Case 0
Case 0
Case 0
Case 1
Case 0
Case 2
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Case 1
Case 0
drained
A0
+
A1
undrained
For a given Tv, find U0 and U1
Combined U = U0(A0/A) + U1(A1/A)
What may produce this initial Excess PP??
Reclaimed Clay Fill self weight combined with
Imposed Sand Capping weight above reclaimed clay fill
16
A
Then degree of consolidation for A is:
S Af
S Af
S Af
S ( A0)
S ( A1)
By definition:
U A0
; U A1
Therefore:
S Af
AA S Af
AA
S A0 f
Therefore,
U A U A0
S A0 f
S Af
U A U A0
S A1 f
U A1
S A1 f
S Af
AA0
AA1
U A1
AA
AA
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Determine Pc - Janbu
Pc
24
25
26
27
Sample Disturbance
29
Experimental Curve
Tv90 = 0.848
Correction ratio
=0.9209/0.7976=
1.15
30
Correction for U0
based on parabolic
relation upto U50
31
Example of
Use of Sqrt
time and log
time
methods
32
t/
mt c
t / Amt
Therefore ,
c
BmH 2
t
and cv
m( A 1 )
c
where
A 2.04 for t 60
A 1.35 for t 90
B 0.2972
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36
FEM Theory
Formulation
Stress Equilibrium Deformation Part
Continuity Equilibrium Hydraulic Part
Global Assembly
Step by step Integration (Implicit Method)
Output
37
Effective stresses
Constitutive law
Discretization
Stiffness matrix
Coupling matrix
Incremental load vector
39
Flow matrix
Coupling matrix
Water compressibility matrix
40
41
Time step
80cv
H2
40cv
Consolidation analysis
Prescribed time
42
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44
Terzhagi theory
Plaxis Ver 9.0
45
Terzhagi theory
Plaxis
46
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50
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
applied load = 100 kPa
soil layer 2D = 10 m
drainage at top and bottom
51
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
0
reference elastic
pore water compressible
(B=0.85)
permeability e-dependent
Hardening Soil model
settlement [mm]
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
time [days]
52
1D CONSOLIDATION NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
excess pore pressure [kPa]
-100
-80
-60
-40
reference elastic
pore water compressible
(B=0.85)
permeability e-dependent
Hardening Soil model
-20
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
time [days]
53
elastic
54
-20
-40
-60
-80
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
E50 >
-100
-120
0.001
Ko_nc >
Ko_nc <
0.01
0.1
10
100
time [days]
55
-100
-80
-60
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
-40
E50 >
Eoed <
-20
Ko_nc >
Ko_nc <
0
0.01
0.1
time [days]
10
100
56
20
40
60
HS_ref
B=0.85
E50 <
E50 >
80
Eoed >
Ko_nc >
Ko_nc <
100
0.001
0.01
0.1
time [days]
10
100
57
Consolidation Modeling in a
Reclaimed Land
Why a Mohr-Coulomb Model is
grossly incorrect ?
58
59
Soil Parameters
61
62
Amount of Settlement
Single layer 1-D compression Estimate:
Cc=1.0, eo=2.0, Ho=15m
Po = 7.5m*5 = 37.5 kPa
P_inc = 10m*18 = 180 kPa
Pf = Po+P_inc = 217.5 kPa
Sett = Ho*Cc/(1+eo)*log(Pf/Po) = 15000*0.254 = 3,817 mm
64
Conclusions
MC Model cannot be used for consolidation
analysis of soft soils
The linear elastic model in MC cannot predict
both the rate and amount of consolidation
settlements of highly nonlinear soft clays
The HS Model with equivalent oedometer
parameters will give very good predictions of
both rate and amount of consolidation
settlements
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66
e ep
e
log t
t
log
t
p
where t p time at
67
Apparent Pc
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Values of C/ Cc
Organic Clays,
highly plastic > 0.03
OCR> 2 <0.001
Peats 0.035-0.085
Singapore MC 0.04-0.06
SF Baymud 0.04-0.06
Leda Clay 0.03-0.06
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