REPAIR AND

REHABILITATION OF
STRUCTUTRES

SHASHANK M. DHOLAKIA

INTRODUCTION
REHABILITATION
Returning of a building or a structure to a useful state by means of repair, modification or

alteration. It stops or mitigates the process which is responsible for damage.

RESTORATION
It is the process or act of depicting the characters & features of a property as it appeared at

a particular period.

REPAIR
Repairs are used to restore the structural integrity and shape of functional units. Repair

methods however do little to address the cause of faults. Therefore, simple repairs typically
fail prematurely since nothing is done to mitigate or stop the primary deterioration
mechanism.

REPAIR MANAGEMENT
PREPERATION
DAMAGE
ACTUAL
EXECUTION OF REPAIRS

DURABILITY DISTRESS IN
CONCRETE
SPALLING

CRACKING

WATER CEMENT RATIO

The watercement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower watercement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more difficult to place. Placement difficulties can be resolved by using plasticizers or super-plasticizers.
Often, the watercement ratio is characterized as the water to cement plus pozzolan ratio, w/(c+p). The pozzolan is typically a fly ash, or blast furnace slag. It can include a number of other
materials, such as silica fume, rice hull ash or natural pozzolans. The addition of pozzolans will influence the strength gain of the concrete.
The concept of watercement ratio was developed by Duff A. Abrams and first published in 1918, see concrete slump test.
Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water (known as hydration, this produces heat and is called the heat of hydration). For every pound (or kilogram or any
unit of weight) of cement, about 0.25 pounds (or 0.25 kg or corresponding unit) of water is needed to fully complete the hydration reactions. This requires a water-cement ratio of 1:4 often given as
a proportion: 0.25. However, a mix with a w/c ratio of 0.25 may not mix thoroughly, and may not flow well enough to be placed, so more water is used than is technically necessary to react with the
cement. More typical water-cement ratios of 0.4 to 0.6 are used. For higher-strength concrete, lower water:cement ratios are used, along with a plasticizer to increase flowability.
Too much water will result in segregation of the sand and aggregate components from the cement paste. Also, water that is not consumed by the hydration reaction may leave the concrete as it
hardens, resulting in microscopic pores(bleeding) that will reduce the final strength of the concrete. A mix with too much water will experience more shrinkage as the excess water leaves, resulting
in internal cracks and visible fractures (particularly around inside corners) which again will reduce the final strength.
The 1997 Uniform Building Code specifies a maximum 0.50 water-to-cement ratio (1:2) when concrete is exposed to freezing and thawing in a moist condition or to de-icing chemicals, and a
maximum 0.45 water to cement ratio for concrete in severe or very severe sulfate conditions.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY

OF CONCRETE

FACTORS PROMOTING THE

PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE
1 Capillary Porosity
High W/C Ratio
Inadequate Curing
2 Air Voids
Improper
Compaction

3 Micro Cracks
Loading Effects
Weathering
Initial/After Care
Secondary Effects
3 Macro Cracks
Placement
Chemical Attack
Corrosion Of Reinforcement
Heavy Loading
Hardening Process

CAPILLARIES
Capillaries nothing but extra volume of water

entrapped in the cement paste after

completion of hydration, which eventually
leads to formation of interconnected pores
called capillaries

CAHNGE IN CAPILLARY POROSITY WITH

VARYING DEGREE OF HYDRATION

CHANGE IN CAPILLARY POROSITY

WITH VARYIN W/C RATIO

MICRO & MACRO CRACKS IN

CONCRETE
MICRO CRACKS

MACRO CRACKS

LOADING DUE TO TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT