Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basal Ganglia
Select a
blue button
to move to
that topic
(previous slide)
(next slide)
Basal Ganglia
(next)
overview
1. Initiate movements
1. Regulate stereotypic movements
3
#1
#2a
#2b
Initiate movements
Play
Movie
The basal ganglia govern the initiation changes in motor behavior - meaning
both starting AND stopping of motor actions. Sipping from a cup requires
proper initiation or stopping of multiple, sequential actions.
(return)
Stereotypic movements #1
Play
Movie
Stereotyped movements, like other habits, often are context dependent. The
cerebellum governs the movement itself, but the initiation of the motor pattern
in context is governed by the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia have been
implicated in the expression of obsessive-compulsive disorders.
5
(return)
Stereotypic movements #2
Play
Movie
Not all stereotyped behaviors are rhythmic, and the motor pattern can be
difficult to halt once it has begun. Have you ever tried to stifle a yawn?
(return)
This cartoon represents a horizontal slice through the brain at the level of the thalamus.
It is a midline view from above, with anterior at the top of the screen and posterior at
the bottom of the screen.
7
10
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
(next)
11
Cortex
Caudate
Putamen
12
13
14
15
16
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
Basal Ganglia circuitry (the Striato-Pallido-Thalamic loop)
(next)
17
Input modulation
18
19
20
Reciprocal connections with the caudate & putamen allow exitatory inputs from the
substantia nigra to modulate the amount and type of output sent to the globus
pallidus. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter used by these substantia nigra pathways.
21
When the substantia nigra isnt working properly, input to the basal
ganglia isnt modulated properly, and the globus pallidus receive
progressvely less information. Without this information, the
initiation of movement (i.e., timing) message is less effective and
the persons movements progressively become slower (i.e.,
bradykinesia).
22
23
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
Basal Ganglia circuitry (the Striato-Pallido-Thalamic loop)
Modulation of inputs to the Basal Ganglia
(next)
24
Output modulation
25
- part 1
- part 1
In addition to
modulating input to
the basal ganglia, the
substantia nigra also
modulates the output.
26
- part 1
- part 2
28
- part 2
Deterioration of the
subthalamus results in the
ballisms, or explosive
movements occurring
periodically, that
characterize Huntingtons
disease.
29
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
Basal Ganglia circuitry (the Striato-Pallido-Thalamic loop)
Modulation of inputs to the Basal Ganglia
Modulation of outputs from the Basal Ganglia
(next)
30
Summary
31
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
Basal Ganglia circuitry (the Striato-Pallido-Thalamic loop)
Modulation of inputs to the Basal Ganglia
Modulation of outputs from the Basal Ganglia
Summary of extrapyramidal circuitry
(next)
32
resting tremor . . .
. . . .
poverty of movement . . .
bradykinesia . . . .
. . . .
stooped posture . .
. . . .
cogwheel rigidity . .
. . . .
masked face . . . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Chorea . . . . . . . . .
Choreaform movements
Tics . . . . . . . . . . .
Ballisms . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
#1
#2
#3
#4
Select a blue
button to view
the video
#5
.
.
.
.
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10a
#10b
33
Resting tremor
Play
Movie
34
Poverty of movement
Play
Movie
35
Bradykinesia
Play
Movie
36
Stooped posture
Play
Movie
37
Cogwheel rigidity
Play
Movie
Chorea
Play
Movie
Choreaform movements
Play
Movie
Tics
Play
Movie
42
Ballisms #1
Play
Movie
43
Ballisms #2
Play
Movie
44
Basal Ganglia
Overview of Basal Ganglia structure
Basal Ganglia circuitry (the Striato-Pallido-Thalamic loop)
Modulation of inputs to the Basal Ganglia
Modulation of outputs from the Basal Ganglia
Summary of extrapyramidal circuitry
Clinical signs related to the Basal Ganglia
(next)
45
Effects ofDrugDrugs
effects on the
nervous system
Click on a button
to view the video
video #1
Tardive dyskinesia
- a side effect of many anti-psychotic drugs
video #2
L-dopa therapy
video #3
Catatonic rigidity
46
Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia
Play
Movie
L-dopa therapy
L-dopa
Play
Movie
Catatonic rigidity
Play
Movie
49
50