Kinesiology & Biomechanics

Djoko Prakosa
Dept. of Anatomy, Embryology &
Anthropology

Terminology
Arthrokinematics = small amplitude motions of
bones at joint surface
roll= points on the surface of one bone contact points
at the same interval of the other bone
Glide= only one point on the moving surface contacts
various points on the opposing joint surface
spin= rotational movement around the mechanical axis
--> specific movements of joint surfaces.
Normal movement is necessary to ensure long-term
joint integrity
Joint surfaces move with respect to one another by
simultaneously rolling, gliding and spinning

Arthrokinematics
If the moving joint surface rolls on its partners
without simultaneously gliding the surfaces would
separated (gap or subluxate) in some place and
impinge in others
Relation shape between bony shapes at joint surface
and the surfaces movements --> rules of concavity
and convexity

Rules of Concavity and Convexity

Each joint involves two bony surfaces, one convex
the other concave
- When the concave surface is fixed and the convex
surface moves on it
--> the convex surface rolls and glides in opposite
directions
- When the convex surface is fixed and the concave
surface moves on it
--> the concave surface rolls and glides in the same
direction

Principles of applied mechanics

Force = mechanical
disturbances or load
Moments = the tendency
of the force (F) to turn the
bones about the joint.
M=F*L
L = moment arm

Principles of applied mechanics

- Newtons law of motion
1st law: A body tends to remain in its inertial state of
rest or motion unless and until acted upon by an
external disturbing force.
-2nd law: Acceleration of a body is directionally
proportional to the net force acting on the body and
inversely proportional to its mass.
- - 3rd law:For every action, there is always an equal
and opposite reaction.

Mass & Center of Mass

Mass = a physical quantity of matter composing a body
= a property of matter that causes it to have weight in a
gravitational field
F = ma
W = mg
Center of Mass (COM)
= the point where the entire weight of the body is
concentrated
= the point in a body about which all the parts exactly
balance each other
- Whole body mass - Segmental mass

Mass and Center of Mass

STABILITY

MOBILITY

mass

large

small

COG position

low

high

BOS size

large

small

COG Vertical
projection

To point near
BOS center

To point near
BOS boundary

Levers
= rigid bar that pivots about a fixed point (axis or
fulcrum), when a force applied to it.
Force is applied by muscles at some point along the
lever to move the body part (resistance/load).
The relationship of fulcrum to force to resistance
distinguishes the different classes of levers.

Levers
First Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

First-class lever
- the axis (fulcrum) is located between the force and
the resistance/load
- the longer the lever arm is, the less force is required
to overcome the resistance.
- example: the forearm moving from a position of
flexion into extension at the elbow through contraction
of the triceps brachii muscles

Second-class lever
- the resistance/load is between the axis and the force
- example: opening the mouth against resistance

Third-class lever
- the force is between the axis and the resistance
- allow muscle to be inserted near the joint and
thereby produce increased speed of movement
although at a sacrifice a force.
- example: flexion of the elbow joint through
contraction of the biceps brachii muscle.

Joint Function
provide movement

osteokinematic = describe how each bony joint

partner moves relative to each other

arthrokinematic = specific movements that occur at

the articulating joint surfaces
To evaluate joint movement --> relate osteokinematic to arthrokinematic --> determines the movement of
the mechanical axis of the moving bone relative to the
stationary joint surface.
Mechanical axis of a joint = line passing through
the moving bone, oriented perpendicular to the center

Joint Motion
Motion = a continuous change in position of an object
The axis around which movement takes place and the
plane through which movement occurs define specific
motions or resultant positions.
Coronal axis -> flexion, extension
Sagittal axis --> abduction, adduction, lateral flexion
Longitud. axis -> internal/external rotation
Non axis --> translational = linear = in a straight line

Joint mobility
Instataneous axis of rotation (IAR)
Helical axis of motion (HAM)

--> Most movement occur around and

through several axes simultaneously

- (dis)traction: separation of 2 articular surfaces

along longitudinal axis of distal segment

- compression: meeting 2 articular surfaces along the
longitudinal axis of distal segment

Joint Position
- Resting or Neutral or loose-packed position -->
capsule most relaxed and greatest amount of play is
possible.
play = accessory movement essential for normal
functioning of joint
injured joint seeks this position to allow swelling
- Close-packed position --> joint capsule and ligament
are maximally tighten
maximal contact between joint surfaces --> stable
& difficult to move or separate

Close-packed position of some joint

Interphalangeal &
metacarpophalangeal
Maximal extension
Intercarpal joints
Max dorsoflexion
Radioulnar joints
50 supination
humeroulnar
extensi in supination
humeroradial
flexion in supination
glenohumeral
abduct & ext rotation
Hip
Max extension, int rotation,
abduct
Knee
Max extension & ext rotation

Mechanical forces acting on connective

tissue
Tension: occurs when structure is stretch longitudinaly
Compression: when a load produces forces that push
the material together, creating a deforming stress
Shear: creates resistance to sliding --> causes the
structure to deform internally in an angular manner
Torque: a load produces by parallel forces in opposite

Properties of connective tissue

Elastic qualities = springlike behavior, with the
elongation produced by the tensile loading being
recovered after a load is removed
--> temporary elongation
Viscous qualities = putty-like behavior; the linear
deformation produced by tensile stress remains even
after the stress is removed
--> permanent elongation
Viscoelastic

Basic Behavior of Skeletal Muscle

Extensibility: the ability to be stretched or to increase
in length
Elasticity: the ability to return to the original length
after a stretch
Irritability: the ability to respond to a a stimulus
Ability to develop tension: the ability to decrease in
length
Increase in tension does not imply decrease in muscle
length.

Mechanical Model of a Muscle

Contractile component: Muscle fibers
Series of elastic component: Tendon
Parallel elastic component: Muscle membrane &
connective tissues

Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Length-tension relationship
Is measured isometrically
and tetanically

Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscle

In a muscle force generation capacity increases
when the muscle is slightly stretch because of the
effect of both active and passive component
Important for two-joints
muscles. E.g hamstring

Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Stretch-shortening cycles When a muscle is
stretched just prior to contraction, the resulting
contraction is more forceful than in the absence of
the pre-stretch.
possible contributors to forceful tension
development
elastic recoil effect of the series elastic component
of the actively stretched muscle
stretch reflex of the forced lengthening muscle
example: wind-up during baseball pitching

Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Force/load = 0 muscle contract concentrically with max speed.

With increasing load, muscle shorten more slowly. When load =
muscle max force muscle fails to shorten (isometric). When load
increase further muscle lengthen eccentrically more rapid with
greater load

Effect of temperature
A rise in muscle temperature
increase in conduction velocity across sarcolemma,
increase freq. of stimulation increase muscle force.
increase enzyme activity increasing efficiency of
muscle contraction.
Increase elasticity of collagen enhances
extensibility muscle tendon unit increase muscle
force

Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle

muscle fiber
motor unit
fiber types
fiber architecture
parallel fiber arrangement: parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the muscle, e.g. sartorius, masseter, biceps brachii, etc.
pennate fiber arrangement: at an angle to the longitudinal
axis of the muscle, e.g. rectus femoris, deltoid, etc.

The greater the angle of

pennation, the smaller the
amount of effective force
transmitted to the tendon
The angle of the pennation
increases as tension
progressively increases in
the muscle fibers