UNIT III

MUSIC OF THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD
(1750-1820)

CLASSICAL PERIOD IS ALSO

CALLED THE AGE OF REASON.
THE PERIOD BETWEEN
1750-1820 WAS MARKED BY
THE RISE OF THE LOWER AND
MIDDLE CLASSES IN A
DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT WHICH
ASSERTED ITSELF IN THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
THE NAPOLEONIC WAR.

IN MUSIC, THE TERM CLASSICAL

REFERS TO THE PERIOD WHICH
EXTENDS ROUGHLY FROM THE
DEATH OF J.S. BACH IN 1750 TO
THE DEATH OF BEETHOVEN IN
1827. BECAUSE CULTURAL LIFE
WAS DOMINATED BY THE
ARISTOCRACY, THE ART WAS
SUBSERVIENT TO THE RULING
CLASS AD BECAME ELEGANT,
FORMALIZED, RESTRAINED, AND
IMPERSONAL.

CLASSICAL CONCEPTS INCLUDE

RESTRAINT, CLARITY, OBJECTIVITY,
BALANCE, AND CONFORMITY
WHICH RESULTED IN AN
IMPERSONAL AND RELATIVELY
UNEMOTIONAL STYLE.
LEADING COMPOSERS OF THE
PERIOD INCLUDE MOZART, HAYDN,
AND BEETHOVEN; IMPORTANT
ARTISTS ARE GOYA, DAVID, INGRES
AND COMPLEY.

Style:Romanticism
Technique:Oil
Dimensions:height:
71cm (28 in) width:
58cm (22.8 in)
Gallery:National
Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC, USA

Francisca
Sabasa Y
Garcia

BY: FRANCISCO GOYA

CLASSICAL
STYLE

In general, classical music can be

described as elegant, graceful, and
refined. The beat was light and tempo
was moderate, with frequent use of
ritardando and accelerando. The
crescendo-decrescendo idea developed
in contrast to the dynamic levels of the
baroque style. A change of emphasis
from polyphonic to homophonic texture
can be found.
classical melodies were tuneful and easy
to remember, even the long instrumental
compositions were often folklike.
Phrases were very regular and of the
same length. Tonality was firmly
established and accompaniment to
melody were usually the primary chords.

SONATA
ALLEGRO FORM

ST. PAUL CATHEDRAL

ST. PAULS CATHEDRAL HAS HAD

A CHOIR SINCE THE EARLY 19TH
CENTURY. THE FIRST CHOIRMASTER
WAS ONE FREDERICK PETERS AND
HE LED A MIXED-VOICE CHOIR AT
THE CATHEDRAL THE SINGERS
WERE HIS BROTHER AND TWO
SISTERS, TOGETHER WITH
ANOTHER TWO MEN ACCOMPANIED
IN EACH CASE BY THEIR OWN TWO
SISTERS, MAKING A TOTAL OF
EIGHT SINGERS IN ALL (THREE MEN
AND SIX WOMEN).

The sonata allegro form is a large form

that is very often used as the first movement
of symphonies and solo sonatas.

It is a large ternary structure consisting of

three main sections.

THREE SECTIONS OF SONATA

ALLEGRO FORM

1. Exposition

In which the theme are stated; contains the

principal things; in the simple classical
structure, there are only two or three themes.

* Principal theme - in the tonic key.

* Subordinate theme - in a related key such as the
dominant or relative major.
* Closing theme - also called codetta; serves to bring
the exposition to a close.

Some Examples of Exposition:

Example #1

First theme of Haydn's Sonata in G

Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 112.
Created byHyacinth(talk) 09:08, 17
December 2010 using Sibelius 5.

Example #2

Start of second subject (D major) of

Haydn's Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI:
G1, I, mm. 1316.

2. DEVELOPMENT
In which the
themes are
developing; on or
both the themes
may be developed
often by modulating
to new keys.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT:

DevelopmentHaydn's Sonata in
G Major,Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm.
29-53.

3. Recapitulation
A restatement of the exposition; all
three sections in original tonic key.

* Principal theme
* Subordinate theme
* Closing theme

Example of recapitulation:

Recapitulation Haydn's Sonata in G

Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 5880

MOZART AND
THE SONATA

Wolfgang amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang amadeus Mozart
(1756-1791) was considered by
many as the greatest musical
genius of all time. He was a
child prodigy and was already
composing music and playing
the violin and harpsichord as
the age of five. At the age of
13, he had written sonatas,
concertos, symphonies,
religious works, an opera buffa
and the operetta Bastien and
Bastienne. Mozarts music is
clear, delicate and simple.

Some of his
compositions:
Mozart - Concerto for Flute and
Harp - 3. Rondeau Allegro

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Sinfonia

Concertante fr Violine, Viola und
Orchester - 3. Presto

classical period, and

Mozart was one of the
composers who wrote
many sonatas it is a piece
for one or two
instruments such as the
piano sonata, flutes
sonata or sonata for flute
and piano.

IT IS USUALLY IN THREE OR
FOUR MOVEMENTS:
I. fast - usually in a sonata allegro
form

II. Slow
III. Fast - sometimes in a minuet
and trio form
IV. Fast - usually in a sonata allegro
form or a rondo form

HAYDN AND THE

SYMPHONY

Franz Joseph Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was
born in Austria to a poor family. He
started to teach himself to compose
music by studying the works of other
composers. He served as Director of
Music to the Esterhazy family for 30
years. He was known as a gentleman and
best known for his symphonies. He was
able to compose over 100 symphonies.
He developed the symphony into a long
form for a large orchestra for it was
during the classical period when the
orchestra, for it was during the classical
period when the orchestra evolved with
its section of strings, woodwinds,
brasses, and percussions.

Some of his Compositions

THE CLOCK

Symphony No. 101 in D major

(Hoboken 1/101) - 2nd movement:
"The Clock" (Chamber Arrangement)

Piano Sonata No.62 Hob. XVI/52 in

E flat major, 1st movement.

A symphony is a sonata for

orchestra and has 4
movements.

I. FAST AND LIVELYSONATA ALLEGRO FORM;

USUALLY IN DUPLE
METER.
II. SLOW- ANDANTE;
SONATA FORM (ABA),
THEME AND VARIATION
OR RONDO FORM.

III. FAST- MINUET DANCE

STYLE TRIPLE METER.

IV. FAST AND GAY- SONATA

FORM OR RONDO FORM;
USUALLY IN DUPLE
METER.

The Classical
Concerto

A concerto is a sonata for a solo

instrumental and orchestra. The solo
instrument can be a piano, violin,
trumpet, or any instrument. It is
composed if three movements. Its like
the sonata and symphony except that the
minuet movements is omitted. Near the
end of the first movement or sometimes
in other movements as well is the
cadenza. Its a section for the solo
instrument alone, consisting of brilliant
virtuoso material which displays the
technique of the performer.

ORCHESTRA

The three movements are:

I. Fast-in sonata allegro form with
expositions of theorchestra and then by
the soloist.
II. Slow- sometimes the cadenza is in
the second movement.
III.

Fast

Music of
Beethoven

Ludwig Van Beethoven

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827) WAS

BORN IN GERMANY TO A FAMILY OF MUSICIANS
AND STUDIED MUSIC AT AN EARLY AGE. HE
WAS A TALENTED PIANIST AND COMPOSER
AND WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE PRINCE OF
ALL COMPOSERS. EVEN IF HE BEGAN TO GO
DEAF IN THE YEAR 1796 HE WAS STILL
DETERMINED TO COMPOSE MUSIC. AMONG HIS
COMPOSITIONS ARE 32 SONATAS, 21 SETS OF
VARIATIONS, 9 SYMPHONIES, CONCERTOS, AND
CHORAL MUSIC.

Some of Beethovens
works are:
* The Fifth Symphony

* Moonlight Sonata Op. 27 No 13

* The Pathtique Sonata

Classical Opera

THE TERM OPERA USUALLY

IMPLIES A HEROIC OR
TRAGIC DRAMA. THIS WAS
FORMERLY CALLED OPERA
SERIA (SERIOUS OPERA) OR
GRAND OPERA. THIS KIND
OF OPERA EMPLOYS
MYTHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS.

Kinds of Opera

The termopra comiqueis

Operacomplex
Comique
(France)
in meaning
and cannot
simply be translated as "comic
opera". The genre originated in the
early 18th century with humorous
and satirical plays performed at
the theatres of the Paris fairs which
contained songs (vaudevilles), with
new words set to already existing
music. The phraseopra comique
en vaudevillesor similar was often
applied to these early stage works.
In the middle of the 18th century,
composers began to write original
music to replace thevaudevilles,
under the influence of the lighter
types of Italian opera.

Andr Ernest
Andr
Ernest Modeste
Grtry, the
Modeste
Grtry
most famous composer of opra
comique before the French
Revolution

MUSICA", "DRAMMA
BERNESCO", "DRAMMA
COMICO", "DIVERTIMENTO
GIOCOSO", ETC. IT IS
ESPECIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH
DEVELOPMENTS INNAPLESIN
THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH
CENTURY, WHENCE ITS
POPULARITY SPREAD TO
ROME AND NORTHERN ITALY.
IT WAS AT FIRST
CHARACTERIZED BY EVERYDAY
SETTINGS, LOCAL DIALECTS,
AND SIMPLE VOCAL WRITING
(THEBASSO BUFFOIS THE
ASSOCIATED VOICE TYPE), THE
MAIN REQUIREMENT BEING
CLEAR DICTION AND FACILITY
WITHPATTER.

OPERA BUFFA
(ITALY)

Mozart's "The Marriage of

Figaro" is a famous opera buffa.

OPERAS, OR MUSIC WAS

OCCASIONALLY NEWLY
TH
BALLAD OPERA (18
CENTURY
COMPOSED.
OF THE EARLIEST AND THE
ENGLISH COMIC ONE
OPERA)
MOST FAMOUS OF BALLAD
OPERAS IS
THE BEGGARS OPERA(1728),
WHICH IS AT ONCE A SPOOF ON
ITALIAN SERIOUSOPERAAND A
SATIRE ON THE MORALITY OF
CONTEAMPORARY
POLITICIANS. ITS TEXT IS BY
JOHN GAY, WITH MUSIC
ADAPTED BYJOHN PEPUSCH. IT
HAD MANY IMITATORS. OTHER
COMPOSERS ADAPTING OR
The Beggar's Opera
WRITING MUSIC FOR BALLAD
[1]
is aballad opera
OPERAS INCLUDED
in three acts
THOMAS ARNE,CHARLES
written in 1728 by
DIBDIN,STEPHEN STORACE,
AND, IN THE 19TH CENTURY,
John Gaywith music
SIR HENRY BISHOP.
arranged byJohann

CONTEMPORARY
ENGLISHBALLAD OPERA
AND THE FRENCH
OPRA-COMIQUE(BOTH
OF WHICH STIMULATED
ITS DEVELOPMENT), THE
SINGSPIEL ROSE TO
GREAT POPULARITY IN
THE LATE 18TH
CENTURY. ITS SUCCESS
WAS PARTLY CAUSED BY
A REACTION BY
COMPOSERS AND
AUDIENCES AGAINST
THE ARTIFICIAL
CONVENTIONS OF THE
THEN DOMINANT
ITALIAN OPERA.

SINGSPIEL (GERMANY)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (center)

attending a performance of his
Singspiel,Die Entfhrung aus dem
Serail, in Berlin in 1789

MOZART WAS THE FOREMOST

OPERA COMPOSER DURING THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD. HE MADE THE
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA AS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THE OPERA.
HIS CHARACTERS ARE REAL
HUMANS WITH FEELINGS AND
EMOTIONS. HE ESTABLISHED A
BALANCE BETWEEN THE DRAMATIC
AND MUSICAL ELEMENTS.

UNIT IV

BAROQUE AND
RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The years from 1600-1750 are

collectively
known
as the baroque
BAROQUE
PERIOD
(1600-1750)
period. The word baroque came from
a Portuguese word barocowhich
means a pearl with a regular shape.
Baroque is an era of absolute
monarchy. The ruler of france was king
Louis XIV, Cromwell ruled England and
peter the great governed Russia. The
aristocracy had a different culture from
the middle class. Opera was created as
a new form and performed for the
public on a lavish scale little known
today. It became the favorite diversion
of the aristocracy. Middle classes
gathered wealth and power in their

Interesting personalities
lived in this period. Great
names in science include
newton and Harvey,
molliere and Milton in
literature, and in art
Rembrandt, Bernini and
ruberns. In music, the two
leading composers were
johann Sebastian bach and
George Frederick handel.

BASSO CONTINUO
The beginning of the Baroque period
was marked by the emergence of the
solo song. This song was accompanied
by bass instrument such as the viola de
gamba, and early keyboard instrument,
the harpsichord. The accompaniment
part, which is called basso continuo or
figured bass or thorough bass consists
of a written bass line with numerals
below the notes. The basso continuo is
a dominant characteristic of the period
and was used in many types of music
from opera to instrumental pieces.

The bass
part is
played by
the viola de
gamba, a six
stringed
instrument,
and the
harmony is
directed to
be
improvised
by the

Bach and his cantatas

He was the
leading
composer of the
baroque period.
He brought
baroque
polyphony to its
maturity and the
period closes
with his death in
1750. He
Johann Sebastian Bach composed
(1685-1750)
instrumental

Cantata
Cantata came from the Italian word Cantare
which means To sing. It is a composition for
vocalist, instrumentalist, and chorus. It is based
on a poetic, narrative, either religious or secular
of a lyric or dramatic nature. The church cantata
was so special significance in germany as it was
used in the Lutheran church service. Like the
opera, it consist of arias, recitatives, duets, and
choruses and often employs chorale melodies
and text. A chorale is a hymn tune associated
with German Protestantism. It is characterrized
by a hold after a phrase.

HANDEL AND HIS ORATORIS

George
Frederick
Handel (16851759) was the
other great
figure in
baroque music.
He was born in
Germany but
spent most of
his life in other
coutries. In
George Frederick Handel London, he
conceived the
(1685-1759)
idea of

An oratorio is a form of dramatic music

cinsiting of an overture, arias, recitative,
choruses, and ensembles. It came from an
itallian word which means For a place of
prayer, and set to a lidretto of sacred or
serious style. It is performed in concert style
without costume , scenery, and action.
Greater emphasis is given to a chorus and a
testo (narrator) is often employed .

The organ, harpsichord,

and other baroque
instrument
During the baroque period,
instrumental music grew
popular. This led to the
development of new
instrumental forms and new
independent instrumental
styles, in the improvement of
instruments, but the
orchestra was not yet

Clavichord

Recorder

Lute

Pipe
Organ

Organ

Trumpe
t

Viola De
Gamba

The greatest development of organ music

took place in Germany in the late and 18th
centuries. Among the outstanding composers
where Buxtehude, pache and J.S. Bach.
Another important instrument during
the Baroque Period is the harpsichord
known by a variety of names: Clavecin
(French), Clavicembalo (Itallian), cembalo
(Germany) and virginal (a smaller
instrument of Elizabeth England). the
harpsichord produces tone by means of
strings that are plucked mechanically
when a key is depressed. its string are
plucked by quills instead of being strucked
by hammers like the piano. The pressure

Pipe Organ

means of keyboard.
It has several set
of pipes with
varying lengths.
Some of the finest
organs today are
patterned after
the organs of that
period. Here in the
Philippines, we
have an exampleof
baroque organ
which was built
when Bach was still
alive. It is the San
Agustin.

Dance suite and Baroque

sonata

The baroque suite

(also called partita)
consists of a series
of dances derived
from social or court
dances of the time.
This dance music

Among the optional dances are the

gavotte (4/4 time), bourse (4/4
time), polonaise, minuet,
passepied, all in time.
In baroque music, the term sonata
was often used for a suite of dance
movements. This was known as the
sonata de camera (chamber
sonata). It consists of the four
Another
baroque
sonata is the sonata
basic dance
movements.
da chiessa (church sonata) which
consists of several movement often of
dancelike character. The basic form is
slow, fast, slow, fast.

The four principal of dances of

the baroque suite are:
* Allemande ( german )
- moderately fast in duple time
* Courante ( French )
- in triple meter with the frequent
dotted rhythm
*Sarabande ( spanish )
- in slow triple time, also with
dotted rhythm

Concerto
Grosso

The most important form of orchestral

music in the baroque period is the
concerto grosso. It employs an
orchestra consinting mainly of strings
with a group of several solo
instruments called the concertino in
opposition to the whole orchestra,
It
has
three
movements:
called ripieno or tutti.

Fast
Slow
Fast

An example of a concerto grosso is the

Brandenburg concerto of Johann Sebastian
Bach.

Other
composers of
this kind of
music were
George
George
Frederick
Frederick HandelHandel
and Antonio
Vivaldi (1678-

Antonio Vivaldi

A spoken concerto grosso

Group
Dynamics
Ripieno
f
Concertino
f

Measures
1-8
1-4

Ripieno
p

5-8

Concertino
p

1-4

Tutti
mf
Concertino

5-8
1-2

RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(1450-1600)

Renaissance means rebirth, a

secular rebirth for men delighted
with life, men were eager to learn all
they could about the world. This was
the time when man discovered that
the world is round. In science,
famous personalities were Galileo
and Copernicus; In arts, this was the
time of Michelangelo, Leonardo da
vinci
and Raphael;
In music;
The renaissance
began
in itally and
Palestrina,
Thomas
Morley,
Machaut
gradually spread
over
the western
and
Dufay.world. The music was just
European
like the visual arts, spacious, elegant,
balanced, proportioned, and with

EXAMPLES OF VISUAL ARTS DURING RENAISSANCE

PERIOD:

* Saint George and The Dragon by Raphael

St. George and the Dragonis a

smallcabinet paintingby theItalian
High RenaissanceartistRaphael,
1504-1506, now in the
National Gallery of Artin Washington,

* Mona Lisa by Leonardo

TheMona Lisa(Monna LisaorLa

Giocondain Italian;La Jocondein French) is
a half-length portrait of a woman by theItalian
artistLeonardo da Vinci, which has been
acclaimed as "the best known, the most
visited, the most written about, the most sung
about, the most parodied work of art in the

Madonna and child by Michelangelo

TheMadonna of Brugesis a marble sculpture by

MichelangeloofMarywith the infantJesus
.Michelangelo's depiction of theMadonna and
Childdiffers significantly from
earlier representations of the same subject, which

MUSIC OF THE
RENAISSANCE PERIOD

One of the important events

during renaissance was the
invention of printing and paper in
1450. Music was an important
part in the lives of the upper and
middle classes. The ability to sing
and play an instrument was an
important asset.
Renaissance music is polyphonic
and often involves a great deal of
imitation. The important forms
are the motet and the madrigal. A

The popular instrument during

the renaissance is the lute. It is
a 16-stringed instrument and
played by plucking. The lute has
a special kind of notation called
tablature. It is used as solo
instrument or played by a group
of players playing dance pieces.
It is also used as an
accompaniment to a song.

End of Music of the Classical Period and

Baroque and renaissance period
Jasmine A. Araos
Verniel C. Corpuz

Ayla Angela S. Chan

Lawrence S. Bernabe

bbie Ann B. Visperas

Bennette Faye Aquin

Monique De Guzman
Noella Nicole B. Crisostomo

GROUP II