RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

By Sawiji Amani
Mobile phone: 081 328 028333
E-mail: sawijiamani@gmail.com
Basic Sciences Department
Muhammadiyah Gombong University
Central Java Indonesia

Respiratory System
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Providing an extensive area for gas exchange

between air and circulating blood.
Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of
the lungs.
Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration,
temperature changes, or other environmental
variations and defending the respiratory system
and other tissues from invasion by pathogens.
Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing,
and nonverbal communication.
Providing olfactory sensations to the central
nervous system from the olfactory epithelium in
the superior portions of the nasal cavity

Respiration

Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of lungs

External respiration: Gas exchange between air in
lungs and blood
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
blood
Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the
blood and tissues

The upper respiratory system :

consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal
sinuses, and pharynx
The lower respiratory system :
consists of the larynx (voice box), trachea
(windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli of the
lungs

area konduksi : hidung

area respirasi : alveoli

brochiolus

Respiratory System

Conducting Zone

All the structures air

passes through before
reaching the respiratory
zone.
Warms and humidifies
inspired air.
Filters and cleans:

Mucus secreted to trap

particles in the inspired
air.
Mucus moved by cilia to
be expectorated.

Insert fig. 16.5

Respiratory Zone

Region of gas
exchange
between air and
blood.
Includes
respiratory
bronchioles and
alveolar sacs.
Must contain
alveoli.

Hidung

Dorsum : cartilago nasal

Nares anterior
Septum nasi : os vomer dan lamina
perpendicularis os etmoidalis
Choane : nares posterior
Chonca nasalis
Meatus nasalis
Plexus Keiselbach : sering epistaxis

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

1

3
4

Sinus paranasalis

Sinus etmoidalis
Sinus frontalis
Sinus maxillaris
Sinus spenoidalis

Lubang keluar
Sinus frontalis : meatus media
Sinus etmoidalis : meatus media
meatus superior
Sinus sphenoidalis : meatus superior
Sinus maxillaris : meatus media
Meatus inferior : ductus nasolacrimalis

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

1

3
4

Nasopharynx

Disebut juga dengan epipharynx

Dibatasi cranialnya oleh choanae
Atapnya : fornix pharyngeus
Dinding belakang ada tonsila pharyngea,
klinisnya?
Dinding lateral ada ostium pharyngeum tubae
auditiva ! (opening of auditory tube)
fungsi..? Klinis.?

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

1

3
4

Oropharynx
Masuk sistem digestive
Berhubungan dengan cavum oris oleh ishmus
faucium
Batas :
atas : palatum molle
lateral : arcus palatoglosus
caudal : radix linguae
Fossa tonsillaris..?
Tonsila lingualis.?
Laryngopharynx
Membentang dari tepi atas cartilago epiglotica
sampai tepi bawah cart.cricoidea
Sebelah anteriornya terdapat aditus laryngis

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

1

3
4

Larynx

Merupakan pipa fibrocartilaginea

Fungsi :..?
Kerangka terdiri atas 9 cartilago, yaitu:
tunggal : thyroidea, cricoidea, epiglotis (=3)
pasang : arytenoidea, corniculata, cuneiformis
(3x2 = 6)

Otot otot larynx

- extrinsik : a. depresor larynx
b. levator larynx
- intrinsik : .?
Cavitas laryngis
- aditus laryngis
- vestibulum laryngis
- rima vestibuli
- ventriculus laryngis
- rima glotidis
- cavitas infraglottica

Neurovasculer larynx
nervi : nervus X
arteri : a.laryngea superior, cab. a.thyroidea sup.
a.laryngea inferior, cab. A.thyroidea inf.
vena : idem

Aspek klinis

- cricothyroidotomy
- tracheostomy
- laryngitis
- laryngoskop

Vocal Folds

Functions:
Maintain an open passageway for air movement (thyroid and cricoid)
Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving
into larynx
Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

Trachea

Merupakan pipa cartilaginea

Bermula dari vertebrae cervicalis VI
sampai vertebrae thoracalis IV-V
Sebelah dorsalnya : Oeshopagus
Sebelah lateral ada glandula
thyroidea (cincin 2,3,4)
Cartilago hyalin berbentuk tapal
kuda
Membran dari otot polos
Bifurcatio trachealis setinggi
Vertebrae thorax IV-V
Carina?
Inervasi outonom

Trachea

Windpipe
Divides to
form

Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

Primary
bronchi
Carina:
Cough
reflex

Dense regular connective tissue and smooth

muscle reinforced with c-shaped cart. on the
ant. surface.
Post. Trachea consists of elastic lig. and a
bundle of muscle called the trachealis muscle
The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Trachea terbagi atas :

menurut letaknya : pars
cervicalis dan
pars thoracalis
Menurut susunan
dindingnya : pars
cartilaginea, pars
membranacea

Vascularisasi :
-r.trachealis a.thyroidea
superior
-Cab.a.thyroidea
inferior
-A.bronchialis

Tracheobronchial Tree

Conducting zone
Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for
removal of debris
Passageway for air movement
Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle
controls tube diameter

Respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Site for gas exchange

Tracheobronchial Tree
1
2 Conducting zone
3
4
5
6
Respiratory zone

Bronchus

Dipercabangkan dari trachea

Descenden masuk ke hilus pulmonalis
setinggi corpus vert. IV dan V, di sebelah
belakang vasa pulmonalis.
Perbedaan bronchus primer dexter & sinister
no

kategori

dexter

sinister

1
2
3

Panjang
Lebar diameter
posisi

>pendek
>lebar
>tegak

>panjang
>sempit
>mendatar

Pulmo : terdapat 10
segmen lobular
Dari bronchus
tertier/segmentalis ,
berlanjut sebagai
bronchiolus
bronchiolus terminalis.
Selanjutnya dinding
tidak mengandung
cartilago lagi
( bronchiolus
respiratorius, ductus
alveolaris, sacculus
alveolaris, alveoli )

Bronchioles and Alveoli

1
2
3
5

Alveolus and Respiratory

Membrane

Lung

Two lungs: Principal organs of respiration

Right lung: Three lobes

Left lung: Two lobes

Divisions

Lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, lobules

PULMO

Bentuk konus :
- basis
- apex, diperkuat o/. Fascia SIBSON
( membrane suprapleuralis )
- facies costalis
- facies medialis : pars. Vertebralis
dan pars mediastinalis:
menampakan impresiones organ2
mediastinum
ligamentum pulmonalis
- hilus pulmonalis

Lobus dan fisura.

- fisura obliqua dan horisontal ( setinggi cart.costa
VI
Hilus pulmonalis, tersusun dari depan ke belakang
: vena, bronchus, arteri
Vascularisasi :
- oksigenasi : arteri pulmonalis
- nutrisi : arteri bronchialis
Inervasi : n.X dan truncus symphaticus
FG23_07a.jpg

PLEURA
merupakan kantong serous tertutup, menyelubungi paru
rongganya disebut : cavum pleurae, berisi cairan serous hasil
mesotelium
pleura parietalis : berbatasan langsung dengan dinding thorax
pleura visceralis : melapisi pulmo, mengikuti setiap lekuk pulmo

Pleura

Pleural fluid produced by pleural membranes

Acts as lubricant
Helps hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes
together

Pleura

1
2
3
5

Thoracic Cavity

Diaphragm:

Above diaphragm: thoracic cavity:

Contains heart, large blood vessels, trachea,

esophagus, thymus, and lungs.

Below diaphragm: abdominopelvic cavity:

Sheets of striated muscle divides anterior body cavity

into 2 parts.

Contains liver, pancreas, GI tract, spleen, and

genitourinary tract.

Intrapleural space:

Space between visceral and parietal pleurae.

Pleura parietalis :
- pl. Costalis, pl diafragma, pl mediastinalis, cupula
pleura
Bagian pulmo yang tidak diliputi pl visceralis : radix
pulmo
Refleksi pleura
Recessus costodiafragmatica
Radix pulmo
Vascularisasi pleura :
- aa.intercostalis, a.mamaria
interna, a.musculophrenica
Inervasi : n. Intercostalis
n. phrenicus

Thoracic Walls
Muscles of Respiration

1
2

OTOT INSPIRASI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

m. sternocleidomastoideus
m. serratus anterior
m. skalenus
m. interkostalis eksternus
Diafragma

1,2,3,4
pernafasan thoracal
5
pernafasan abdominal

OTOT EKSPIRASI
1.
2.
3.
4.

m. interkostalis internus
m. rectus abdominal
m. transversus
m. obliquus
1
pernafasan thoracal
2,3,4
pernafasan
abdominal

Control

Medullary Resp Centers

Dorsal Resp Group (DRG)
Pacemaker (inspiration)
Ventral Resp Group (VRG)
Forced breathing

Pons Resp Center

Pneumotaxic Center Depth
Apneustic Center Breath holding

Pons Respiratory Centers

Activities of medullary
rhythmicity center is
influenced by pons.
Apneustic center:

Promotes inspiration by
stimulating the I neurons in
the medulla.

Pneumotaxic center:

Antagonizes the apneustic

center.
Inhibits inspiration.

Chemoreceptors

2 groups of chemoreceptors that monitor

changes in blood PC0 ,
P0 , and pH.
Central:
2

Medulla.

Peripheral:

Carotid and aortic

bodies. (Fig. 16.26)

Control breathing
indirectly via
sensory nerve
fibers to the
medulla (X, IX).

Insert fig. 16.27

Control

Pulmonary Irritant Reflexes constriction and

coughing
The Inflation Reflex as lungs stretch receptors
fire which inhibit the Medulary centers
Higher Brain
Hypthalamic Emotion
Cortical - Voluntary
Chemical
PCO As levels of CO2 increase hypervent
2
occurs
PO2 As levels of O2 drop Vent is increased
pH As pH drops Vent increases

TERIMAKASIH
SELAMAT BELAJAR