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Financial Accounting (FI)

Unit 3
Financial Accounting
(FI)

- Overview -

SAP Enterprise System

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Enterprise
Controlling

Unit 3, Part 1 Overview


Financial Accounting (FI)
Goals and Objectives
Target Audience
Components

Managerial Accounting (CO)


Goals and Objectives
Target Audience
Components

Comparisons and Relationships


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Financial Accounting (FI)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Enterprise
Controlling

Goals and Objectives


Financial accounting is designed to
collect all of the data needed to
support the preparation of financial
statements for external users

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Target Audience
External

Internal

Executives
Senior Management
Accounts
Administration Staf
Employees

January 2008

Legal Authorities
Banks
Auditors
Shareholders
Insurance
Taxing Authorities
Media
Financial Analysts

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Components of Financial Accounting

Accounts
Receivable

Financial
Accounting
(FI)

General
Ledger

Fixed
Assets
Accounts
Payable

Banks
Special
Purpose
Ledger

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Controlling (CO)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Enterprise
Controlling

Goals and Objectives


Managerial accounting is designed to
collect data for the preparation and
analysis of reports for use by internal
users

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Target Audience

Executives
Senior Management
Department Managers
Controllers
Cost Accountants

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Components of Managerial Accounting

Internal
Orders

Controlling
(CO)

January 2008

Cost
Element
Acct

Cost
Center
Acct

Profitability
Analysis
Activity
Based
Costing

Product
Cost
Controlling

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Profit
Center
Acct

12

Comparison
Managerial
Accounting
Cost Center
Accounting
External Accounting
Profit Center
Balance Sheet
Accounting
Profit & Loss Statement
Product Costing
Legal Requirements
Profitability Analysis
Standards
Diferent Valuations
Flexibility

Financial Accounting

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Comparative Reporting
Liquidity
Calculation

Financial Accounting
(FI)

Balance
Sheet

External
Reporting

Managerial Accounting (CO)

Product
Costs
Reports

Internal
Reporting
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Retained
Earnings
Report

Income
Statement

Cost
Center
Reports
Profit
Center
Reports

Profit
Margin

14

Interrelated and Closely Connected


(FI) Transaction
Income Statement
Document
Supplies Exp.
Amount
100
G/L Account #
Cost Center
1900012432
Financial Accounting
(CO) Transaction
Document
Cost Center
Cost Element
20000657
January 2008

Bal. Sheet

Bank
100

Cost
Center
100

Controlling
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Financial Accounting (FI)


- The Basics -

Unit 3, Part 2 Overview


General Ledger
Chart of Accounts
Balance Sheet
Assets
Liabilities
Equity

Income Statement
Revenues
Expenses

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General Ledger
The General Ledger provides a
complete record of all "acceptable"
business transactions from the
viewpoint of an accountant
An acceptable business transaction has
the following traits
Afects the financial position of the entity
Measurable in a currency
Afects at least two accounts
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Debits = Credits

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Chart of Accounts
The foundation for the General
Ledger is the Chart of Accounts
A Chart of Accounts contains a
complete list of all of the accounts
utilized in the General Ledger for a
given company
Financial accounting reports are
prepared from the balances
contained in the General Ledgers
Chart of Accounts
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Chart of Accounts
(continued)
There are five types of accounts
contained in a Chart of Accounts

Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Revenues
Expenses

There are two primary accounting


reports prepared from the General
Ledger Chart of Accounts
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
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Balance Sheet Assets


Things of value that a company owns
or controls that accountants have
agreed to measure in monetary
terms.
Examples of these accounts include:
Cash
Accounts receivables
Plant and equipment
Inventory
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Balance Sheet Liabilities


Things that a company owes or must
provide services in order to settle
that accountants have agreed to
measure in monetary terms.
Examples of these accounts include:
Accounts payable
Notes payable
Bonds payable
Unearned revenue
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Balance Sheet Equity


Equity is simply the mathematical
diference between assets and
liabilities.
Includes the monetary amounts
collected with respect to all preferred
and common stock transactions, the
aggregate net income reported since
organization of the company, and a
reduction for dividends that have
been paid to stockholders.
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Balance Sheet

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Income Statement
Revenues
The monetary amounts collected
from customers in settlement for
goods purchased from our company
or services rendered by our firm to
them during the current fiscal year.

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Income Statement
Expenses
The monetary amounts paid to
vendors in settlement for goods
purchased by our company or
services rendered to our firm by
other companies during the current
fiscal year.

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Income Statement

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Financial Accounting (FI)


- Organizational Structures -

Business Process Integration

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Organizational Data
A hierarchy in which the
organizational units in an enterprise
are arranged according to tasks and
functions
Are static data and are rarely
changed
The definition of organization units is
a fundamental step, it is a critical
factor in how the company will be
structured
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Unit 3, Part 3 Org


Structures
Organizational Structures
Client
Company
Chart of accounts
Company code
Credit control area

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Client
Highest hierarchical level in an
SAP environment
A complete database containing
all the tables necessary for
creating a fully integrated
information system
Master records are created at
the client level
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Client

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Company
Consolidated financial statements
are created at the company level
A company can include one or more
company codes
All company codes must use the
same chart of accounts and fiscal
year
Company is not required in the
definition of an enterprise (optional)
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Organizational Structure
Client

Company

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Company Code
A legally independent entity
The smallest organizational unit for which
accounting can be carried out
Business transactions are processed at this
level
Accounts are managed at this level
Legal financial statements, such as the balance
sheet and the income statement, are
generated at this level using the General
Ledger balances
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Organizational Structure
Client

Company

Company
Code

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Chart of Accounts
A listing of the accounts (assets,
liabilities, equity, revenues, and
expenses) that are contained in the
General Ledger
A chart of accounts must be assigned
to every company code in order to
create the General Ledger for that
company
Several company codes can use the
same chart of accounts
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Chart of Accounts
United
States Chart
of
Accounts

Company
Code 010
January 2008

Canadian
Chart of
Accounts

Company
Code 038

Company Company
Code 110 Code 117

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Organizational Structure
Client
Chart of
Accounts

Company

Company
Code

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Fiscal Year Variant


Specifies the accounting fiscal year
for reporting purposes
Special periods are created to aid in
the quarterly or year-end adjusting
process completed prior to preparing
financial statements
A single fiscal year variant is
assigned to each company code
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Organizational Structure
Client
Chart of
Accounts

Company

Fiscal Year
Variant

Company
Code

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Credit Control Area


An organizational unit or area of
responsibility created to control
customer credit limits
A company code is assigned to one
and only one credit control area
Multiple company codes can be
assigned to one credit control area

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Organizational Structure
Client
Chart of
Accounts

Company

Fiscal Year
Variant

Credit Control
Area
Company
Code
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Organizational Structure
Client
Chart of
Accounts

Company

Fiscal Year
Variant

Credit Control
Area
Company
Code
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Consolidation and Business


Areas
Company
A company is an organizational unit in Financial
Accounting which represents a business
organization according to the requirements of
commercial law in a particular country.

Business Areas
A unit in an enterprise that groups product and
market combinations as homogeneously as
possible for the purpose of developing unified
business policy.
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Optional Organizational Structures


GM Corp.
Chart of Accts

Client

GMCorporate
Credit CA

General
Motors

Corporate
Fiscal Year Var.

Consolidation of Company Codes


Chevrolet

GMC

Cadillac

Business Areas
Cars
Trucks
January 2008

Cars
Trucks
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Trucks
47

Client 100

Credit Control
Area

Pen Inc.

Fiscal Year
Variant

Chart of
Accounts
Company
Code

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Unit 3 Exercises
21. Create Company Code
22. Create Chart of Accounts
23. Assign Company Code to Chart of
Accounts
24. Assign Company Code to Fiscal Year
Variant
25. Create Credit Control Area
26. Assign Company Code to Credit Control
Area
27. Assign Permitted Credit Control Area to
Company Code

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Unit 5
Financial
Accounting (FI)
- Rules (Internal Controls) -

Rules
Defines the parameters for Master
Data and Transactions
Determines functionality for Master
Data and Transactions
Relatively fixed
Changes as policy changes

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Unit 5 Rules
Rules
Account groups
BS Balance Sheet Account Group
PL Income Statement Account Group
RA Reconciliation Account Group

Field status variant


Field status groups

Fiscal year variant

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Account Groups

Chrt/accts
To
CHRT
CHRT
CHRT

January 2008

Acct group
BS
PL
RA

Description

Balance Sheet
Income Sheet
Reconciliation

From
100000
400000
110000

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399999
999999
310000

53

Account Groups
Identifier that controls which fields must be
entered when an account is created
Determine a valid number interval for each
of the groups (types) of General Ledger
accounts that have common attributes
Must be created before General Ledger
Chart of Accounts master records can be
created
You must assign each account to an
appropriate account group
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Account Groups
Account Group BS
Account control
Account management
Document entry
Bank/financial details
Interest calculation
Joint venture
Account control
Display

Suppress

Req. entry

Opt. entry

Currency
Tax category
Reconciliation account

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Field Status
Field status controls how the data will
be entered for a field when an
accounting master record is being
used in a transaction
Determining whether a field is
required, optional, suppressed, or
display only
Field status controls are also relevant
to a specific activity create,
change, or display
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Field Status Variant


Fld status group Text
ZALL All Accounts
ZBSA Balance Sheet Accounts
ZEXP Expense Accounts
ZGRI Material Management (GR/IR) Accounts
ZRCN Reconciliation Accounts
ZREV Revenue Accounts

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Field Status Variant


Field status variant (V000) - Group ZBSA - Balance
Sheet Acct.
General data
Additional account assignments
Materials management
Payment transactions
Asset accounting
Taxes

...

General Data

Suppress

Req. entry

Opt. entry

Display

Assignment number
Text
Invoice reference

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So What is a Reconciliation Account?


Postings to sub-ledgers (such as accounts
receivable or accounts payable) are
automatically concurrently posted to the
corresponding reconciliation account in
the General Ledger
In this way, the General Ledger is
automatically updated and remains in
balance with the customer and vendor
individual account totals
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Unit 5 Exercises
37. Create Account Groups
38. Define Retained Earnings
Account
39. Review Field Status Variant
40. Assign Company Code to Field
Status Variant

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Unit 6
Financial
Accounting (FI)
- Master Data -

Business Process Integration

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Master Data
Master data is relatively fixed
Material master data
Vendor master data
Purchasing information record
General Ledger master data

Before making the master data


configurations, you must have
completely defined the
organizational structures
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Financial Accounting (FI)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Enterprise
Controlling

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Unit 6 Overview
General Ledger Master Data
Chart of Accounts Data
Company Code Data
Reconciliation Accounts
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Payable
Goods Receipt/Invoice Receipt

General Ledger Account Balances


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General Ledger Master


Data
A unique master record is created for
each General Ledger account
General Ledger accounts are created
at the client level
Business transactions are posted to
the portfolio of General Ledger
accounts made available to a
company through the assignment of
a specific Chart of Accounts
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General Ledger Master Data


(continued)
Contains control information for:
Data entry
Data processing

Specifies the account type:


Balance sheet
Income statement

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General Ledger
Organization of the Data
Contains one or more Chart of
Accounts specific information areas
Contains one or more Company Code
specific information areas
In this way, a General Ledger master
account can be shared by several
combinations of Charts of Accounts
and Company Codes
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General Ledger
Chart of Accounts Data
Account number
Name of the Chart of
Accounts
Account group
provides
information that
controls the creation
of the master record
for a company code
January 2008

Account number 100101


Chart of accountsCPEN
Account group BS
P&L statement acct type
Balance sheet accountX

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General Ledger
Company Code Data

Local currency
Foreign currency
Tax category
Open item management
Line item display
Sort key

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Local currency
Specify the currency in which the
account is to be posted
Transaction figures are always updated
and displayed in local currency

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Foreign currency
Specify the alternative currency in which
the account is to be posted
It is possible to select up to two
alternative currencies
Transaction figures will be updated in
both the local and alternative currencies

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Tax category
Specify the type of tax on purchase and
sales (input or output taxes) that can be
posted to the account
If the account is not tax relevant, do not
make a specification in this field

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Open item management
Indicates that the account is subjected
to an affirmative clearing process
involving the matching of debits to
credits with the purpose of closing each
individual line item
For example, reconciliation accounts
You can only archive an accounting
document if all of its individual line
items have been cleared
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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Line item display
Select if it is desirable to view all the
debit and credit detail for the account
Remember that when posting items to
such accounts and displaying line items,
additional storage space and system
time are required

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Line item display should not be used
for the following accounts:
Reconciliation accounts
Accounts that have a summation
function and are analyzed by another
application such as revenue or stock
accounts
Output and input tax accounts, since tax
information is required only in
connection with the document
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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Sort Key
Necessary when line item display is
selected
Determines the data field that will be
used to sort the line items
Posting date
Document date
Cost center

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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
Reconciliation accounts
When you post to a sub-ledger, the
system automatically concurrently posts
to the corresponding reconciliation
account in the general ledger
In this way, the general ledger is
automatically updated and remains in
balance with the individual account
totals
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General Ledger
Company Code Data (continued)
General
LedgerGeneral Ledger
Debit Credit

Reconciliation Accounts
A/R, A/P, GR/IR

$$ $$

A/R
Debit Credit

$$ $$

January 2008

A/P

GR/IR

Subsidiary
Ledger Accounts
$$ $$
$$ $$
A/R, A/P,
GR/IR
Debit Credit

Debit Credit

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Accounts Receivable
Reconciliation Account

Customer 189

10
0

Customer 142

30
0

Accounts
Receivable
Reconciliation
950

Customer 135

40
0

January 2008

Customer 123

15
0

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Accounts Receivable
Integration
MM
Materials
Mgmt.

Goods
Issue

Sales
Order

FI

SD
Sales and
Distribution

FI

Financial
Accounting

Financial
Accounting

CGS
Decrease to Inventory

FI
Financial
Accounting

Revenue
Increase to A/R

Income Statement
Balance Sheet
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Accounts Payable Reconciliation Account

Vendor
100234

20
0

Vendor
100435

25
0

Accounts Payable
Reconciliation

950
Vendor
100621

January 2008

10
0

Vendor
100846

30
0

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Accounts Payable
Integration
MM
Materials
Mgmt.

Goods
Receipt

Invoice
Receipt

FI

FI

Financial
Accounting

Financial
Accounting

Increase to Inventory
Increase to GR/IR

FI
Financial
Accounting

MM
Materials
Mgmt.

Increase to A/P
Decrease to GR/IR

Balance Sheet

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Line Item Display


Account number 100999 Bank Account
Company code C999
Period
C/f bal.
Period 1
Period 2
Period 1
Doc. no.
1500000013
1500000014
100000012
1400000342
January 2008

Debit
5,250.00
25,000.00

DT
KZ
KZ
SA
DZ

Credit

DC bal.
Balance
750,000.00
3,540.00
1,710.00
751,710.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
761,710.00

Doc.date
01/05/04
01/06/04
01/08/04
01/14/04

Currency
USD
USD
USD
USD

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Amount
1,800.00 990.00 750.00
5,250.00
84

Unit 6, Group 1 Exercises


41. Create Bank Account
42. Create Accounts Receivable Reconciliation
Account
43. Create Trading Goods Inventory Account
44. Create Operating Supplies Inventory
Account
45. Create Accounts Payable Reconciliation
Account
46. Create Goods Receipt / Invoice Receipt
Reconciliation Account
47. Create Output Tax Account
48. Create Input Tax Account
49. Create Retained Earnings Account
50. Create Common Stock Account
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Unit 6, Group 2 Exercises


51. Create Trading Goods Consumption
Expense Account
52. Create Operating Supplies Expense
Account
53. Create Utilities Expense Account
54. Create Purchase Price Diference Expense
Account
55. Create Information Technology Expense
Account
56. Create Miscellaneous Expense Account
57. Create Cost of Goods Sold
58. Run General Ledger List of Accounts
Report
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Unit 8

Financial Accounting (FI)


- Rules -

Business Process Integration

Rules

FI

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Rules
Defines the parameters for Master
Data and Transactions
Determines functionality for Master
Data and Transactions
Relatively fixed
Changes as policy changes

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Financial Accounting (FI)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Enterprise
Controlling

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Unit 8 Overview
Posting Periods
Tolerance Groups for Account
Postings
Accounts Payable Settlement
Document Numbers

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Posting Periods
Before it is possible to post documents, it
is necessary to define posting periods
Fiscal years are divided into one or more
posting periods
Each posting period is delimited by both a
start and finish date
A common division of a fiscal year involves
defining 16 posting periods -- 12 months
and 4 quarter ending posting periods
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Tolerances Groups for


Account Postings
Internal control amount limits that
serve to define the maximum
authorization levels for your employees
Must be at least one entry for every
company code
Can be defined for an employee group with
employees being assigned to a given group
to efect the control
Can be undefined at the group level
meaning that the control is efective for
everyone who is not a member of a group
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Tolerances Groups for


Account Postings (continued)
Internal control amount limits that
serve to define the maximum
authorization levels for your
employees with respect to:
A single transaction
A customer or vendor account line item
Discount percentage granted to a line
item
Payment diferences that can be
accepted insettlement
of an account
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2008. payable)
All rights reserved.
(e.g., accounts

Document Numbers
All posted transactions must have a unique
number assigned to it
Usually these numbers are system
generated
The numbers serve to specifically identify
the business content of a transaction so that
it may be recalled at a later time
The actual system stored document number
includes information respecting the year,
date, and company codes
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Document Numbers
(continued)
Before any documents can be posted
to a company or company code,
there must be a number range
assigned to the document type
New transaction document number
ranges must be created at the start
of each new fiscal year

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Unit 8 Exercises
71. Define Posting Periods Variant
72. Open and Close Posting Periods
73. Assign Posting Periods Variant to Company
Code
74. Create Tolerance Groups for Account
Postings
75. Setup Payment Program
76. Create Tolerance Groups for Accounts
Receivable and Accounts Payable
77. Create Financial Accounting (FI) Document
Numbers

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Unit 9

Financial Accounting (FI)


- Transactions -

Business Process Integration


FI
Transactions

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Transaction Data
Includes internal and external
exchanges that describe business
activities
Unlike master data, aggregate
transactional data is dynamic each
transaction is unique

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Financial Accounting (FI)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Enterprise
Controlling

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Unit 9 Overview
Document Principles
Document Types
Posting Keys

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Document Principles
Each completed accounting
transaction writes data to the
database and creates a unique
electronic document
Each document contains information
such as:
Responsible person
Date and time of the transaction
Commercial content including company
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Document Principles
(continued)
An accounting document captures
the entire transaction in a manner
that facilitates recall for reporting
purposes
It remains as a complete unit in the
system until archived
Once created, a document can not
be deleted from the database
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Document Principles
(continued)
The SAP R/3 document principle provides a
solid framework for a strong internal control
system
Audit trails allow an accountant to begin
with an account balance on a financial
statement and trace through the
accounting records to the transactions that
support the account balance or to trace
individual transactions to the efected
account balance(s) on a financial statement
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Document Principles
(continued)
Each posted accounting document
has a header

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Document Principles (continued)


Each posted accounting document
has at least two lines (e.g., debit and
credit)

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Document Types
A way to categorize diferent transactions
Many diferent document types are supplied in
the system

Document types are associated with


number ranges
All documents of the same document type are
stored in the system by document number

Determine the type of account that can be


posted to

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Document Types
(continued)

SA General ledger account documents


DR Customer invoices
DG Customer credit memos
DZ Customer payments
KR Vendor invoices
KG Vendor credit memos
KZ Vendor payments
KN Vendor net invoices and credit
memos

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Posting Keys
Determine whether the item to be
posted is a debit or a credit
Determine the type of account that
can be posted

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Posting Keys (continued)


The posting key (PK)
has a control function
that pertains to the
document line items.
It determines the
following:
Account type for
posting the line
item
Debit or credit
posting of line
items
Field status for
additional
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Posting Keys (continued)


General
Ledger
40

Common
50

Assets
70

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Vendors

Posting

Keys

Material
75

89

Customers
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Unit 9 Exercises
78.
79.
80.
81.

January 2008

Review Document Types


Post Initial Cash Investment by Owners
Post Purchase of Operating Supplies
Display and Review General Ledger Account
Balances and Individual Line Items

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Unit 10

Financial Accounting (FI)


- Transactions -

Business Process Integration


FI
Transactions

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Transaction Data
Includes internal and external
exchanges that describe business
activities
Unlike master data, aggregate
transactional data is dynamic each
transaction is unique

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Financial Accounting (FI)

SD
MM
SM

Sales and
Distribution

Materials
PPMgmt.
Production
Planning

Service
Mgmt.

QM
Quality
Mgmt.

PM

Financial
Accounting

CO

R/3

Controlling

AM

Client / Server
Integrated Business
Solution
WF

Plant Maintenance

HR

Human
Resources

January 2008

FI

IS

Fixed Assets
Mgmt. EC

PS

Enterprise
Controlling

Project
System

Workflow

Industry
Solutions

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Unit 10 Overview

Monthly Rent Cycle


Invoice Receipt
Invoice Entry
Accounts Payable Settlement

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Monthly Rent Cycle


Invoice
Receipt

Rental
Agreement

Accounts
Payable

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Invoice Receipt

Invoice
Receipt

January 2008

Invoice
Verification

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Invoice Entry
Vendor
Informatio
n

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Accounts Payable
Settlement
Select payment method and bank
Select items for payment
Calculate the payment amount,
taking account of cash discount
periods
Post the payment document
Print payment medium

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Unit 10 Exercises
82.
83.
84.
85.

Create Vendor Master Record for Landlord


Create Rent Expense Account
Create Invoice Receipt for Rent Expense
Display and Review General Ledger Account
Balances and Individual Line Items
86. Display and Review Vendor Account
Balances and Individual Line Items
87. Post Payment to Landlord
88. Display and Review General Ledger and
Vendor Account Balances and Individual
Line Items

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123

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