Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence. Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue in Pakistan. Drinking water should contain 0.5to 2 ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system.
Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence. Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue in Pakistan. Drinking water should contain 0.5to 2 ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system.
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Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence. Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue in Pakistan. Drinking water should contain 0.5to 2 ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Level of chlorine in drinking water of Islamabad at consumers end. Dr Farrukh Iqbal,Roll No:6 Introduction -Water is included in Physical environment -3/4th of earth surface is water -6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec -Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water Rationale of our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad so that consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safe water supply. LITERATURE REVIEW • Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence • According to United Nations’ statistics, over one billion people, one-sixth of the world’s population, lack clean drinking water • Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue in Pakistan as wastewater from raw sewage, industrial waste, and agriculture runoffs may be mishandled and dumped directly into lakes, rivers and streams. • Chlorine, the most common disinfectant in the US, is effective in killing most pathogenic bacteria and viruses. • Many public water systems add chlorine (a process known as “chlorination”) to their water supply for the purpose of disinfection Why Add Chlorine to Drinking Water • To kill certain bacteria • To replace chlorine lost by dissipation in the municipal piping system • To ensure adequate disinfection when pH is high What Chlorine Level is Recommended for Continuous Disinfection As a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2 ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system • Where and When • What are Should Chlorine be Chlorination By- Measured Chloroform Products Range 0.7 - 540 µg/L, Mean 26.4 µg/L As a worst case (where the concentration will BromodichloromRange 1.9 - 183 µg/L, Mean 9.1 µg/L ethane be the lowest), measure the chlorine at points farthest from the Chlorodibromo Range 0.4 - 280 µg/L, Mean 5.7 µg/L methane incoming supply water right before flushing • Sample holding time Bromoform Range0.4 - 280 µg/L, Mean 5.7 µg/L
For chlorine Chloroacetic
Acid Range <1 - 5 µg/L
measurements, test the
sample immediately. Dichloroacetic Range12 - 79 µg/L, Mean 47 µg/L Acid Chlorine in water is not stable and the Trichloroacetic Range4 - 103 µg/L, Mean 38 µg/L concentration will Acid
decrease rapidly Dichloroacetonit Range 1.9 - 24 µg/L, Mean 2 µg/L
rile • What are the Health AIM: Effects of Chlorine Byproducts To assess the level of chlorination in In animals many drinking water at adverse effects of consumer end. chlorine Byproducts OBJECTIVES: have been observed e.g. Liver, Intestinal To quantify the level and Kidney tumors but of chlorine in drinking in Human beings up water at consumer till now Carcinoma of end Bladder is reported. METHODOLOGY: Sample size: Type of study: Sample size is calculated with Macorr Sample Size Comparative cross sectional survey Calculator. Available at Data collection techniques: www.Macorr.com/ss_calcul Forty Five houses from each sub- ator.htm.The sample of 360 sector of G6 and G10 subsequently was calculated of 8000 houses of sector G6 and G10 will be selected randomly. Sample With 95% confidence level will be taken in a glass bottle sun and 5% error light was tried to avoid. Study site: Sampling: G6 and G10 sectors of Simple random sampling Islamabad Study duration: 90 days • Plan for data collection, • Data Security and Quality processing and analysis: Management Samples have to be collected in a Pilot testing of questionnaire will be glass bottle and avoid sun light carried out in another in union because of its effects on chlorine. council other then the union councils Level of chlorine should be calculated through orth tolidine test of study area. Questionnaire will be kept in lock in key with the • Data Collection tool: researcher. Field editing will be done The principal investigator will of questionnaire. Researcher will receive the data and he will enter make sure that the data is collected the data and analyze it. properly by data collectors by • Data Entry: refilling the 5-10 questionnaires in the field daily. Data will be enter by the researcher using SPSS version16 • ETHICAL • Plan of Analysis: CONSIDERATION: Descriptive statistics such as Prior approval of the study from means, standard deviations, ethical review board of HEALTH frequencies, rates, and ratios will SERVICES ACADEMY will be be calculated for different variables taken. Then written consent will be • taken from every household before the collection of sample. • Variables: Source Distance Distribution system Level of chlorine • Budget • WORK PLAN: A Total amount of One team will be formed Rs=51,670/Pkr is for this purposes and this required team will have three for total study. members. I will also take three volunteers for this purpose Of Chlorin