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Aerodynamic theories
DLM Reference
Aerodynamic theories
Supersonic Reference
Background
All the theories assume linear, small amplitude, sinusoidal motion
Flutter solutions can use all theories
Static and aerodynamic gust solutions are restricted to the subsonic
Doublet-Lattice method with body interference and the supersonic ZONA51
option
Reduced frequency is a key parameter
Where
c
k
2V
1k
V f
Aerodynamic theories
1
V2 Re p ( x, s)eit
2
1 N
w( x, s )
K ( x, ; s, ; , M ) p( , )d d
8 n 1 Sn
p ( x, s , t )
Aerodynamic theories
w( x, s, t ) V Re w( x, s )e it
p ( x, s , t )
w( x, s )
2
1
V2 Re p ( x, s )e it
(normal velocity)
(pressure difference)
K ( x, ; s, ; , M ) p ( , ) d d
8
n 1 S
n
x, y , z =
Cartesian coordinates
, ,
Cartesian coordinates
Frequency of oscillation
Re ... =
(integral equation)
Real part of
Sn
Aerodynamic theories
Matrix form
(3)
T*
2 = (z0 cos gr 2 y0 sin gr )(z0 cos gs 2 y0 sin gs )
(4)
2
0
d
k
w x, y, z h x, y, z i h x, y, z
dx
l
2
0
Aerodynamic theories
Matrix form
while in matrix form
w A C p
w A C p
w D1 ikD2 u
F q S C p
Then
F q S A D u
1
Aerodynamic theories
q Qkk u
9
Modeling Guidelines
Aerodynamic grid point identification starts with element identification
given on the CAERO1 entry and is incremented by unity for each box
generated by the entry
Aerodynamic grid point identification numbers are treated independently
from structural grid, scalar and extra point IDs so that duplicate and/or
overlapping IDs are permitted across the structural and aerodynamic
models.
Aerodynamic grid point identification numbers cannot overlap
Provision for corner points dictates that at least (NCHORD+1) x (NSPAN+1)
IDs be reserved for an aerodynamic panel
Aerodynamic theories
10
Modeling Guidelines
Boxes are identified with k-set degrees of freedom with two DOFs per box
One panel represents a flat plate with a trapezoidal planform. The inboard
and outboard edges are parallel to the streamwise direction
The trapezoidal lifting elements (i.e., the "boxes") should maintain an
aspect ratio of less than 3 in N5KA; the aspect ratio in N5KQ should be less
than 6. It is possible, depending on the configuration, that higher aspect
ratios can be used in both N5KA and N5KQ. Convergence studies are
recommended when higher values are selected.
Box chord length should be less than 0.08 times the least velocity of
interest divided by the greatest frequency (in hertz) of interest; however,
not less than four boxes per chord should be used and convergence studies
are always reccomended
x 0.08
Aerodynamic theories
V
f
11
Modeling Guidelines
Boxes should be concentrated near downwash discontinuities, e.g.,
leading edge, trailing edge, and hinge lines
Use narrower boxes at wing tips where the load is decreasing
Aerodynamic interference groups are available to reduce the costs of
matrix generations and to study the influence of surfaces on each other
With multiple near-coplanar surfaces, avoid aligning the midspan of one
strip with a spanwise edge of another strip
Aerodynamic theories
12
Aerodynamic theories
Aerodynamic theories
13