Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMPUTER ENGINEERING-1997
COMPUTER NETWORKS :
Number of Slides
6283
:1000
06/15/15
06/15/15
Teaching Scheme
Total Number of Lectures 4 per Week
Practical 4 per Week
4+4=8
1st CHAPTER
WHAT IS NETWORK
MODELS OF NETWORK COMPUTING
NETWORK MODELS
LAN,MAN&WAN
NETWORK SERVICES
06/15/15
2nd CHAPTER
STANDARDS
OSI Reference MODEL
OSI PHYSICAL LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI DATA LINK LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI NETWORK LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI TRANSPORT LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI SESSION LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI PRESENTATION LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI APPLICATION LAYER CONCEPTS
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3rd CHAPTER
CABLE MEDIA
PUBLIC & PRIVATE NETWORK SERVICES
CONNECTING HARDWARE
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4th CHAPTER
DATA TRANMISSION
DIGITAL AND ANALOG SIGNAL
BASEBAND &BROADBAND TRANSMISSION
MULTIPLEXING
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11
4 CHAPATER
MODELS &PROTOCOLS
NETWORK IPX/SPX
INTRANET PROTOCOL
APPLE TALK
DIGITAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
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12
6th CHAPATER
ARCNET SPECIFICATION
ETHERNET SPECIFICATION
TOKEN RING SPECIFICATION
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13
7th CHAPTER
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY DEVICES
NICs,HUBs,REPEATERS,MULTIPLEXERS,MODES
ROUTERS
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14
8th CHAPATER
PRINT SERVICES
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15
9th CHAPTER
PROTECTING DATA
KEEPING RECORDS
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Evaluation Scheme
Study Scheme
HRS/Week Internal Assessment
Th Pr
3
Tot
6
Th
15
Pr
10
Tot
25
External Assessment
Marks
Ext.Int
125
17
Style of Examination
Theory Paper
Total Marks (75 Th) Duration (3 Hrs)
Passing Marks 30
Multiple Choice, True False, Fill in the
blanks, Short Answer Type and Descriptive
Answer Questions.
You have to attempt 5 out of 8.
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Style of Examination
Practical
Total Marks 25
Passing Marks 10
Duration 3 Hrs
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List of Practical
Introduction to CRAMPING TOOL
Introduction to various types of connectors
and type Wires.
Installation of LAN Card.
Installation of NOS Windows NT (SERVER) .
Configuring Workstations with Server
Administration of Windows NT
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1st CHAPTER
WHAT IS NETWORK
MODELS OF NETWORK COMPUTING
NETWORK MODELS
LAN,MAN&WAN
NETWORK SERVICES
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COMUTER NETWORKS:
Computer Network can be defined
as
interconnected
collection
of
autonomous computers.
When two or more system are connect
together and they may share information
are said under Networking.
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Networking
Two computers are said to be
interconnected,
if they are:-
24
Stand alone
If one computer can forcibly start, stop
or control another one, the computers
are not autonomous.
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Difference between
Distributed systems &
Computer
network
All location of jobs to processors and files to
disks, movement between files between
where they are stored & where they are
needed, and all other system functions must
be automatic rather performed by the
operating system.
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Difference between
Distributed systems &
Computer
In a distributed
system is a
network:
software
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
An alternative Criterion for classifying
networks is their scale. In the coming slide
we give a classification of multiple
processor system arranged by their
physical size.
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING
TO SCALE
Distribution
of Network
according to
circuit board
1m
system
Multicomputer
room
10 m
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
Distribution of Network according to
Physical Distance between processors:
Interprocessor Processor located Example
distance
in same
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
Distribution of Network according to
Physical Distance between processors:
Interprocessor Processor located Example
distance
in same
100 km
1000 km
100000 km
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: Local area networks, generally called LANs ,
are privately owned networks within a single
building or campus to a few kilometers in size.
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: They are widely used to connect
personal
computers
&
company
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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
ACCORDING TO SCALE
LANs are generally distinguished from
other networks by three characteristics :
1) Their size
2) Their Transmission technology
3) Their Topology
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processing
systems
is
with
used
to
multiple
processors
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Cost efficiency
shared resources
User-control of computer facility, resulting
in shorter response time.
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Unskilled users.
Support difficulties.
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all
the
data
storage
and
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LANs Specifications
LAN is a combination of
Computers
LAN Cables
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LANs Specifications
Network Adapter Cards
NOS
LAN application Software
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Transfer Files
Access information and files
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Passive HUB
Passive HUB: A device use to make connection between
nodes on a network, but does not act upon
the signal in any way.
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Raid
Redundant Arrays of
Independent/Inexpensive Disks.
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NetWare.
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TTS
Transmission Tracking System
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Logout
To end a connection used on network
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Wireless LANs
Introduction
Wireless LANs provide a new layer of
flexibility
and
services
to
environments and to users that can
not be well served by the traditional
wired LAN.
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Wireless LANs
Introduction
Wireless LANs represent a spectrum
capabilities that support limited
distance logical coverage, moderate
distance metropolitan coverage,and
longer distance coverage.
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Wireless LANs
Needs:
With wireless LANs, the roving users
can be indirect two-way contact with
the full resources of the enterprises
information system.
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Wireless LANs
Needs:
Wireless LANs can move to higher
power plateaus which will extend their
distances from hundreds of feet to
several tens of thousands of feet.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless Coupling
Server
User/client
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Wireless LANs
Components: Wireless
LANs
components:-
have
two
Waveform transmitter.
Waveform receiver.
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Wireless LANs
Components: The transmitters and receivers can
use a variety of media and frequencies
to support their services.
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Wireless LANs
Components: Transmitter:-The wave transmitters
convert the signals of the computer
system into the waveform motions and
send them into the air medium.
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Wireless LANs
Components: Receivers:-The wave form receivers
extract the signals from the air and
perform review, recognition, and
acceptance processing on them.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless receiving
devices: Laptop Or Notebook Computers.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA).
Wireless Resource Interfacing.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless receiving devices: Laptop or Notebook computers: Provides
a ready platform for the interconnection
to a wireless network. Highly portable,
battery run, and built to go anywhere.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless receiving devices: PDAs:- Highly portable but of limited
self-contained
capability
which
makes them dependent on using a
network to reach and interact with
organizational information resources.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless receiving devices: Wireless resource interfacing:-The
device will provide its standard
resource services, but the users will
be able to select and access the unit
via the wireless network.
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Wireless LANs
Transceivers:- Perform the transmit
and receive functions
wireless LAN world.
within
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Wireless LANs
Transceivers:-
The
receive
portion of the unit can receive the
transmissions, determine who they
are for, and take those addressed to a
specific station into its operating
environment.
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Wireless LANs
Coupling Wireless LANs: The coupling of wireless LANs involves
connecting the computing units such
as,clients and the servers to the
wireless medium.
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Wireless LANs
Coupling Wireless LANs: The coupling of units for wireless LANs
can be don at many levels.
The simplest of them is a one-to-one
coupling between a portable client and a
fixed server system.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs Vs Wired LANs: The major difference between wireless
and wired LANs is that they are not
connected to wire or cable and users
have extensive flexibility to move about
and still receive services from their LAN
world.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs Vs Wired LANs: Wireless LANs offer the same user or
client services as available from wired
LANs.
Wireless connections should
transparent to the end user.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs Vs Wired LANs: As compared to wired LAN, wireless LAN
services are found in the slightly
slower
speeds
of
information
transfer,the problems of security of
transmission.
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Wireless LANs
Transactions
Queries
File Transfers
Outputs
User/client
Server
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Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs Vs Wired LANs: The security of wireless LANs can also be
strengthened via the use of encryption
technologies and other means of
scrambling the contents of the
information transferred over the network.
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Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs Vs Wired LANs: The
services
offered
through
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: Wireless LANs can be used within the
building environment.
The benefits include flexibility,
portability, modest cost movable
installation, and multiple system
interconnectivity.
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: The wireless world provides the
technological linkages to the
established data and information
services available in the wired world.
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: Wire LANs are meant to be limiteddistance support products.
They can not support open and
unlimited roaming of users.
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: Wireless LANs can support flexible
connectivity
by
providing
an
automatic recognition of roaming
users and the ability to hop across
various
networks
to
obtain
information and services.
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: It has also ability to initiate a fast
setup or a quick move of the
technology and continue to offer
connectivity services.
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Wireless LANs
Advantages: The longer distance wireless LANs may
be very appropriate for telecommuting
and other remote user operations.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages:This include: contention.
Errors.
Incomplete returns.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: Instability.
Lack of reliability.
Long waits.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: Slow response.
Unpredictable timings.
Variable space coverage.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: The disadvantage of wireless LANs are
found mostly in their environmental
limits of connectivity and in their
reliability of operation in all areas and
at all times.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: The biggest fault is seen in the
situations when they frustrate the end
user.
Being a new technology, have still not
overcome their teething problems.
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: Other key fault is in the limited
speed and transfer rates of the
wireless systems
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Wireless LANs
Disadvantages: The low speed individual wireless
links can be partially overcome by the
use of dedicated channels and
frequencies, similar to hub switching
in wired LANs.
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Wireless LANs
Distance and Speeds Limitations.
Local area networks are limited in their
coverage area.
The use of air transmission signals for the
passage of information in the wireless
LANs is dependent on their strength.
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Wireless LANs
Distance and Speeds Limitations: The distance for the open space
varieties of wireless LANs are the
reverse of those for the localized
forms.
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Wireless LANs
Distance and Speeds Limitations: Typical distance limits for localized
wireless networks are in the order of
80 to 300 feet between components.
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Wireless LANs
Distance and Speeds Limitations: The nominal speed for wireless LANs
can be in the range of 500,000 to
3,000,000 bits per second.The new
802.11 standard calls for a speed of
2,000,000 BPS.
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Wireless LANs
Costs and Benefits: The air medium of wireless systems is
less costly than the copper or fiber
medium
of
the
alternative
technologies.
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Wireless LANs
Costs and Benefits: However, the transmitter and receiver
products are still more expensive than
the same functional units in the wired
world.
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Wireless LANs
Applications: Health Care:- The provision of health
care services is centered around the
interface of the patient and the health
care provider.
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Wireless LANs
Applications: Health Care:-Most of focus of wireless
services in health care is aimed at the
care provider.Health care services are
known for their heavy loads of
paperwork.
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Wireless LANs
Applications: Educational
System:-
The
educational systems are logical
candidates for the use of a wireless
LAN.
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Wireless LANs
Use Wireless LAN Applications: Educational System:-The use of
wireless LAN would provide the
teachers
access
to
student
information, grade books, teaching
resources, lesson plans.
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Wireless LANs
Applications: Temporary Setup:- Temporary work
situations are excellent candidates for
the use of wireless LANs.The systems
can be setup quickly in most compact
locations.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:Temporary Setup include: The Conventions.
The Emergency Situations.
The Entertainment Programs.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:Temporary Setup include: The Fund raising campaigns.
The Management Events.
The Political campaigns.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:Temporary Setup include: The seasonal events.
The sales campaigns.
The security operations.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:Temporary Setup include: The Sporting events.
The Special events.
The Special sales.
The Training camps.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:-
Temporary
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Wireless LANs
Applications:General Services:- These services
include: The Bulletin board messages.
The Facilities control.
The Logistics management.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:General Services: The management reporting.
The Media interfacing.
The Messages and E-mail.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:General Services: The Operational control.
The Person location.
The Provisioning for food and refreshment.
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Wireless LANs
Applications:General Services: The Scheduling of backup support.
The Task management.
The Time tracking and triggering.
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Wireless LANs
Future Evolution:- The evolution for
the future will include: Higher Speeds.
Improved Security.
Multiple frequency hopping.
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Wireless LANs
Future Evolution: New vendors.
Seamless end-to-end protocols.
Better error control.
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Wireless LANs
Future Evolution: Longer Distances.
Home Systems.
New Devices.
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Timing services
Load contrail
ERROR TRAPPING
Fault alarms
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Computers
Head-End
Bus B
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LANs
of
single
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Types of Networking
Wide Area Networks (WAN): WAN can be connected with or without
wires.
Generally by satellite systems
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Types of Networking
Wide Area Network:Categories of WAN: Enterprise
Global
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Network Services
Types of Services: Server:- Servers are only allowed to provide
services .
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Network Services
Computer Networks are classified
as: Peer-to-peer
Server-Centric
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Peer-to-peer
It allow any entity to both request and
provide network services.
It is design so that peer perform the same
function for each other.
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Server-Centric
It involves strictly define roles.
It places restrictions upon which
entity may make requests or service
them.
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2nd CHAPTER
STANDARDS
OSI Reference MODEL
OSI PHYSICAL LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI DATA LINK LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI NETWORK LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI TRANSPORT LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI SESSION LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI PRESENTATION LAYER CONCEPTS
OSI APPLICATION LAYER CONCEPTS
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI: OSI stands for
Interconnection.
Open
System
OSI
was
introduced
By
the
International Standards Organization
in 1982.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI: IN 1978,the ISO Technical Committee 97
started subcommittee number 16 to
develop an architecture and reference
model.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI: Model still is highly useful in the
definition of how a communication
architecture is defined.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI: In 1978 the ISO purposed a broad
model
for
mainframe
WAN
communication,which was titled The
Reference Model of OSI.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI:-
172
Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI: The OSI Reference Model is not itself a
standard nor it is a literal description
of computer communication.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI:-
174
Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI Layers: The ISO/OSI model uses layers to
organize a network into well-defined,
functional modules.
Model description of these layers is
used to build real network.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data-Link Layer
Physical Layer
176
Open System
Interconnection Model
OSI Layers:-
177
Open System
Interconnection Model
178
Open System
Interconnection Model
Principles :-
179
Open System
Interconnection Model
Principles :-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Principles :-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Physical layer: The physical layer transmits data
through the networks communication
channels.
It includes hardware needed to
accomplish this function.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Physical layer: Data transmission methods, including
control signals and timing, are also
part of the physical layer.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Physical layer: It includes network technologies that
define
parameters
for
data
transmission.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Physical layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Data-Link Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Data-Link Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Data-Link Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Data-Link Layer:-
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Network Layer
The main function of this layer is: Routing
Switching
Controlling the flow of information.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Network Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Network Layer:-
200
Open System
Interconnection Model
Network Layer:-
201
Open System
Interconnection Model
Network Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Network Layer:-
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Transport Layer
This layer ensure error-free source to
destination connection.
It also take care of providing
information in smaller unit size.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Transport Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Transport Layer: The transport layer must be able to
interact with and manage the data for
multiple programs at the same time.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Transport Layer:-
207
Session Layer
This layer connect and terminates
data transfer sessions between
host processes.
Net-BIOS operates at this layer.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Session layer:-
The
session
layer
negotiates
connections between processes or
applications on different host
computers.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Session layer:-
210
Open System
Interconnection Model
Session layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Session layer:-
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Presentation Layer
The main function of this layer is to
convert data format of the sending
station to the format acceptable to the
receiving station.
It also provides code conversions and
data compression facility.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Presentation Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Presentation Layer:-
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Presentation Layer:-
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Application Layer
This layer deals with end user functions
like file transfer, print and electronic mail.
This layer contains a variety of protocols
that are commonly needed.
For example there are hundred of
incompatible terminals type in the world.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Application Layer: The application layer contains details
about network-wide applications.
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Open System
Interconnection Model
Application Layer:-
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3rd CHAPTER
CABLE MEDIA
PUBLIC & PRIVATE NETWORK SERVICES
CONNECTING HARDWARE
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Transmission Media
It is the pathway networked entities
used contact each other .
Computer
transmission media
include
cable
and
wireless
technologies.
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COMPONENT OF NETWORK
NIC (NETWORK INTERFACING CARD)
CABELS
CONNECTORS
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COMPONENT OF NETWORK
WORKSTATIONS
FILE SERVER
NOS (NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM)
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Processor
DIP Switches
RJ-45
Connector
Transceiver
connector
BNC
Connector
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CABLES
Light
Signal
Reflective
Surface
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CABLING
TYPES OF CABLING: Fibre optic cables
Copper cables
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COPPER CABLES
Types of copper cable: Twisted Pair
Co-axial
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Twisted Pair
Types of Twisted Pair: Shielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair
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Co-axial Cable
Types of Co-axial: Thin Co-axial Cable
Thick Co-axial Cable
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Fast speed
Medium size
Medium cost
Medium length
More strength
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COPPER CABLES
PROBLEMS IN COPPER CABLE: EMI Disturbances
RFI Disturbances
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COAXIAL CABLES
Coaxial cable system consist of tube
carrying number of coaxial cables
together with repeaters and other
ancillary equipment .
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COAXIAL CABLES
The typical number of channels
per cables varies from 600 in a
3MHz system to 3600 in an 18MHz
system.
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COAXIAL CABLES
Repeaters that is intermediate
amplifiers must be placed at suitable
intervals along the route.The
distance varies, being, inversely
proportional to the bandwidth of the
system .
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COAXIAL CABLES
Multiplexing and demultiplexing bays
are the major
portion of the
equipment .
D.C. Power feed equipment is also
located at the terminals .
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COAXIAL CABLES
A distinction should be made
between a super group (or even a
supermaster group) a pilot and a
system pilot .
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FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Optical Fibre are used for light
and infrared transmission , in a
manner identical to waveguides
at microwave frequencies.
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258
FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Optical
fibers
are
increasingly
06/15/15
259
FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Light is effectively the same as radio
frequency radiation but at a very much
higher frequency , theoretically, the
information carrying capacity of a
Fibre as much greater than microwave
radio system .
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FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
The material used in Fibre is silica glass ,
or silicon dioxide , which is one the most
abundant materials on earth, so that
eventually the cost of such lines is much
lower than wire lines or microwave
system .
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FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Since Fibre are not electrically conductive,
they can be used in areas where electrical
isolation and interference are severe
problems. Optical Fibre
systems are
virtually
immune to cross-talk and
electromagnetic interference.
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FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
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263
FIBRE-OPTIC COMMUNICATION
The worlds fiber-optics systems so for
use single frequency operation of each
fiber .But
overcome
use
of
wavelength
multiplexing .
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264
NUMBER OF MODES IN
FIBER
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265
NUMBER OF MODES IN
FIBER
Most fiber optic communication
presently use two bands between 0.8
to 0.9 micrometer and between 1.2 and
1.4 micrometer where fibers have low
losses.
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266
LOSSES IN FIBRES
RAYLEIGH LOSSES:The glass in optical
fibers is an amorphous(non-crystalline)
solid which is formed by allowing the glass
to cool from is still plastic, the glass is
drawn out under tension into its long fiber
form .
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267
LOSSES IN FIBRES
It is found that the losses induced
because of its scattering effect vary
inversely with the fourth power of the
wavelength, so that their effects are
reduced to less than about 0.3 db/km
at a wavelength of 1.3 km.
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268
LOSSES IN FIBRES
ABSORPTION LOSSES:-
Ultraviolet absorption,
infrared absorption and ion resonance
absorption contributes to absorption
losses.
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269
LOSSES IN FIBRES
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION:
270
LOSSES IN FIBRES
INFRARED ABSORPTION :
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271
LOSSES IN FIBRES
ION RESONANCE ABSORPTIONS:--
Minute qualities of
water molecules, trapped in the glass
contribute OH-ions to the materials, which
exhibit absorption and is called ion
resonance absorption.
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272
LOSSES IN FIBRES
BENDING LOSSES:
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273
LOSSES IN FIBRES
BENDING LOSSES: Microbending can also be introduced if the
fibers are subsequently wound in to a
multifiber cable or wound on spools for
transportation.
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274
SYSTEM
275
276
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
A communication satellite is basically a
microwave link repeater. It receives the
energy beamed up at it by an earth station
and amplifier and return to earth at a
frequency of about 2 GHz away.
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
This prevent interference between the
uplink and the down link communication
satellite appears to hover over given
spots above the equator.
This does not make them stationary, but
rather geostationary.
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06/15/15
279
DOWN LINK
UP LINK
Earth
EARTH STATION
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EARTH STATION
280
06/15/15
281
282
06/15/15
283
CONNECTORS
06/15/15
284
Connectors
RJ45 :- This connector is of 8 pin.
Generally UTP wire is used with these
connectors.
06/15/15
285
Connectors
BNC : -BAYONET NEILL CONCELANN: This connector is very similar to connector
of CRO and wire use is coaxial.
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286
06/15/15
287
06/15/15
288
289
PEER-TO-PEER NOS
Out of all of these NOS Novell NetWare have
market share of about 70%of the PC LAN NOS
market.
In order to provide better and fast
response, NetWare uses various
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PEER-TO-PEER NOS
Techniques to enhance file server disk
access. These techniques are: file caching
directory hashing
elevator seeking
fast indexing
hot fixing
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291
FILE CACHING
NetWare retains the contents of file read
from disk into server memory(ram)for
future use until the same memory areas
are used by newly read data.this reduced
disk access and hence increases speed.
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292
DIRECTORY HASHING
NetWare makes index table(hash table)of
directory enters in file server RAM .
This makes file searching fast as compared
to normal sequential search method.
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293
DIRECTORY CACHING
All the network directories are kept into the
RAM of file server and hence eliminate
need of disk access for directory details
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294
Elevator Seeking
This method is exactly same as elevator in
building, I.e it serves the Passangers,
depending upon to request of floor on they
which they want to go irrespective of their
request sequence. In this method, when
multiple request to read from a file
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Elevator Seeking
Server disk are received by NetWare, the
NetWare
sorts
the
request
and
arrange/Serve them based on the current
position of read/write head.
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296
Fat indexing
In case of large files NetWare
automatically build and indexing
memory about the location of the file
on the disk.
This speeds up random read and
writes.
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Hot fixing
In this process, if a bad block is detected
on a file server disk during a write
operation then a data is moved to another
area on the disk and that block is marked
as bad by storing information about the
same on the disks bad- block table.
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Workstations
Workstation are attached with Server
through wires and card(NIC) and by
interfacing NOS.
It is possible to make diskless
workstations by the help of Remote
booting.
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299
CONNECTING HARDWARE
REQUIRED COMPONENTS: Server
Client
Media
NOS
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300
CONNECTING HARDWARE
SERVER: In server we have to mount the LAN card on
the mother board.
Also install the drivers of LAN card.
It may be hard diskless or with hard disk.
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301
NETWORK SERVERS
Server is one of the most powerful part of
client network. Main job of a server is to
provide particular service like filing ,
printing, communication etc. to various
members of network family.
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NETWORK SERVERS
The heart of the server based LAN system is
the server Operating System (also called as
NOS)
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303
NETWORK SERVERS
Based on the type of service provided
by server to its clients, servers are
known as : File Server
Print Server
Fax Server
Communication Server
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304
FILE SERVER
This server acts as source for sharing files
among the clients.
The main function of file server is to provide
controlled access to files depending upon the
access rights the user has. All this is controlled
by file server software, basically part of NOS.
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FILE SERVER
Normally before designating the job of file
server to a Computer, it must be taken into
consideration that the Computer must have a
high speed, high capacity Hard Disk for storage
of files and a powerful processor to operate at
high speed so that speed of server should not
become a bottleneck in efficient working of
network system.
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306
FILE SERVER
Under average conditions, file server itself
act as Print Server,Fax Server and
Communication Server in a network but
when the load of such activities increases,
only we go for separate server for these
services.
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307
File server
Kinds of server: NOVELL
WINDOWS NT
UNIX
06/15/15
308
SINGLE SERVER
Printers
High Speed
File server
Modem
High capacity
HDD
Node-1
NOS
Node-2
Node -3
Node- 4
309
DISTRIBUTED SERVERS
High speed &
high capacity
HDD
Printer
Modem
File Server
Printer Server
Communication
Server
NOS
Node-1
Node-2
Node-3
Node-4
Distributed
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310
PRINT SERVER
Normally network printing activity is
handled by File Server itself but under
special situation it is advised to have
separate server for handling the print jobs.
The machine use to handle this activity is
called as Print Server.
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PRINT SERVER
Advantage: The speed of File Server remains
uneffected due to large printing load and
the consequences of a lock-up or shutdown on a Print Server a usually less
severe than the consequences of lockingup a File Server.
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FAX SERVER
Fax Server gives multiple LAN workstation the
ability to send and receive Faxes through a
single network connection.
The Fax Server can be a workstation with an
installed Fax board and special software or a
specialized device designed for Fax Service.
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COMMUNICATION SERVER
Communication Server provides connections
between client computer on a LAN and off-LAN
services, or provides access to LAN resources
from off LAN systems.
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314
COMMUNICATION SERVER
Communication server include the
following : Host gateways allow multiple LAN clients to access a
time sharing computer via a single connection to the
LAN .
Remote access servers allow remote PCs or
terminals to access LAN resources via dial-up phone
lines or leased lines .
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315
COMMUNICATION SERVER
A Synchronous Communication server
06/15/15
316
Uses of Computer
Network
Generally
there are two aspects by
317
06/15/15
318
319
06/15/15
320
321
06/15/15
322
323
06/15/15
324
Interactive entertainment :-
06/15/15
325
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326
327
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328
NETWORK HARDWARE
Types of transmission
technology: BROADCAST NETWORKS.
POINT-TO-POINT NETWORKS.
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329
NETWORK HARDWARE
BROADCAST NETWORKS: Broadcast Networks have a single communication
channel that is shared by all the machines on the
network.
330
NETWORK HARDWARE
PACKETS: An address field within the packet
specifies for whom it is intended.Upon
receiving a packet , a machine checks the
address field.If the packet is intended for
some other machine,it is just ignored.
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331
NETWORK HARDWARE
PACKETS: It allow the possibility of addressing a
packet to all destinations by using a
special code in the address field.
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332
NETWORK HARDWARE
PACKETS: When a packet with this code is
transmitted, it is received and
processed by every machine on the
network.This mode of operation is
called broadcasting.
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333
NETWORK HARDWARE
PACKETS: Some broadcast system also support
transmission to a subset of machine,
something known as multicasting.
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334
NETWORK HARDWARE
POINT-TO-POINT NETWORK: Point-to-point network consist of many
connections between individual pairs of
machines .
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335
NETWORK HARDWARE
POINT-TO-POINT NETWORK:
To go from the source to the
destination, a packet on this type of
network may have to first visit one or
more intermediate machines.
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336
NETWORK HARDWARE
POINT-TO-POINT NETWORK: Multiple routes, of differently lengths
are possible, so routing algorithms
play an important role in point-to-point
networks.
06/15/15
337
Components of NetWare
NetWare have following S/W
modules for providing various
services: File server Modules
Print server Module
06/15/15
338
Components of NetWare
NetWare have following S/W
modules for providing various
services: LAN driver
Protocol driver
Re-direction software
06/15/15
339
Components of NetWare
File server module provides controlled
Access to network resources.
Print server module provides access to
network printers.
LAN drivers facilitate
among network devices
06/15/15
communication
340
Component of NetWare
Protocol driver provides .
Communication facility to network devices.
Re-direction software provides logical
connection between various network
devices like workstations and file servers.
06/15/15
341
06/15/15
342
Hardware requirements
For NetWare: System : - 80386 & above with 4 mb ram for
ver. 3.xx and 8mb ram for ver. 4.xx.
Besides this minimum hard disk free space
of 80 mb.
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343
Features
Supports up to 250 concurrent users.
1,00,000 concurrently open files.
4 GB maximum file size.
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344
Features
32 tera bytes hard disk space .
Up to 1024 hard disks per file server.
4 G Bytes file Server RAM.
64 LAN drivers.
06/15/15
345
FEATURES
Password encryption at work station level .
Multiple file names, allowing files to be
named appropriately for each environment.
Easy reconfiguration without downing the
server.
Volumes can span multiple drives.
06/15/15
346
347
06/15/15
348
06/15/15
349
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350
06/15/15
351
352
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Make partition in the HDDs for NetWare and
create volumes.
Copy NetWare files.
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353
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Load LAN drivers.
Install and configure NOS
06/15/15
354
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Get cabling done & tested for continuity.
Install NICs and other hardware devices.
06/15/15
355
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Partition and Format HDD(DOS).
Load DOS and disk drivers.
06/15/15
356
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Define printer options .
Add security features .
06/15/15
357
NETWORKING INSTALLATION
Steps involved in installation: Install
and
workstations.
configure
Network
06/15/15
358
359
360
361
06/15/15
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
06/15/15
369
06/15/15
370
371
06/15/15
372
06/15/15
373
06/15/15
374
06/15/15
375
376
versus
Non-intelligent:
06/15/15
377
378
379
380
06/15/15
381
06/15/15
382
383
384
06/15/15
385
06/15/15
386
06/15/15
387
388
389
06/15/15
390
4th CHAPTER
DATA TRANMISSION
DIGITAL AND ANALOG SIGNAL
BASEBAND &BROADBAND TRANSMISSION
MULTIPLEXING
06/15/15
391
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Topology or structure is the
layout of the connections
formed between computers.
06/15/15
392
Network Topologies
There are main 4 class of
network topologies: BUS Network
Ring Network
06/15/15
393
Network Topologies
There are main 4 class of
network topologies: Star network
Hybrid network
06/15/15
394
Network structures
Bus network: All the computers attached to one single
cable.
06/15/15
395
Ring Networks
06/15/15
396
Star
Network
397
Hybrid Network
Hybrid networks are: Part Star , Part ring & part bus.
06/15/15
398
Network Topology
Each computer or device in a network is
called a node.
The geometrical arrangement of computer
resources,remote device,communication
facilities is known as Network Topology.
06/15/15
399
Network Topology
Different Topologies: Bus Network.
Ring Network
Star Network.
06/15/15
400
Network Topology
Different Topologies: Tree Network.
Mesh Network.
06/15/15
401
Network Topology
Bus Network: In the bus Network ,each computer is
06/15/15
402
Network Topology
Bus Network Advantages: Short cable length and simple wiring
layout.
Resilient architecture.
Easy to extend.
06/15/15
403
Bus Network
Hard Disk
Printer
06/15/15
404
Network Topology
Bus Network Disadvantages: Fault diagnosis is difficult.
Fault isolation is difficult.
Repeater configuration is difficult.
Nodes must be intelligent.
06/15/15
405
Network Topology
Bus Network Disadvantages: Fault diagnosis :- Fault detection is not
a simple matter.
Fault isolation:-
406
Network Topology
Bus Network Disadvantages: Repeater configuration:Reconfiguration may
be necessary when a network has its
backbone extended using repeaters.
Nodes must be intelligent:Because each node
is directly connected to the central bus.
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407
Network Topology
Bus Network Evaluation Factors: Application.
Complexity.
Performance.
06/15/15
408
Network Topology
Bus Network Evaluation Factors: System overhead.
Vulnerability.
Expandability.
06/15/15
409
Network Topology
Bus Network Evaluation Factors: Application:- Good choice for small
networks.
410
Network Topology
Bus Network Evaluation Factors: System Overhead:- Relatively low.
Vulnerability:- Failure of one workstation
does not usually affect the network.
06/15/15
411
Network Topology
Ring Network: Several
devices
or
computers
are
412
Network Topology
Ring Network: Data must travel around the ring.
A ring can be unidirectional or bi-directional.
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413
Network Topology
Ring Network: A ring can be unidirectional or bi-directional.
In the unidirectional ring ,a special software is
needed if one computer should break down.
In bi-directional ring message can be sent in the
opposite direction.
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414
Network Topology
Ring Network Advantages: Short cable length.
No wiring closet space require.
Suitable for optical fibers.
06/15/15
415
Network Topology
Ring Network Disadvantages: Node failure causes network failure.
Difficult to diagnose faults.
Network reconfiguration is difficult.
Topology affects the access protocol.
06/15/15
416
Ring Network
06/15/15
417
Network Topology
Ring Network Evaluation Factors: Application:-
Good in situations
capacity must be allocated equally.
Complexity:-
Requires
hardware to implement.
relatively
where
complex
418
Network Topology
Ring Network Evaluation Factors: System overhead.
Vulnerability:- Failure of a single workstation
can cause system failure because of the
interdependence of the workstations.
Expandability:-
Easy
to
add
or
delete
workstations.
06/15/15
419
Network Topology
Star network: Several devices or computers are
connected to one centralized computer.
None of the other computers can
communicate with each other if the central
computer breaks down
06/15/15
420
Star Network
06/15/15
421
Network Topology
Advantages of the Star Network: Ease of service: -Provide easy access for
service of reconfiguration of the network.
06/15/15
Failure of a
typically
involves
422
Network Topology
Advantages of the Star Network: Centralize control/problem diagnosis.
Simple access protocols: Access protocols
are very simple.
06/15/15
423
Network Topology
Disadvantages of the Star Network:-
entire
network
If the central
is rendered
424
Network Topology
Star Network Evaluation Factors: Application:-
Complexity:-
425
Network Topology
Star Network Evaluation Factors: System overhead:- Network overhead is high.
Vulnerability:- System reliability is depend on
central server.
06/15/15
426
Network Topology
Tree Network: Several devices or computers are linked in
a hierarchical fashion.
Also known as hierarchical network.
06/15/15
427
Tree Network
Node g
Node f
Node i
Node h
Node e
Node d
Node k
06/15/15
Node j
Node b
Node c
428
Network Topology
Advantage of Tree network: Easy to extend
Fault isolation
06/15/15
429
Network Topology
Advantages of Tree network: Easy to extend:-
Fault isolation:-
It is possible to disconnect
whole branches of the network from the main
structure.
06/15/15
430
Network Topology
Disadvantages of Tree network: Dependent on the root:-If the headend device fails to operate, the entire
network is rendered inoperable.
06/15/15
431
Network Topology
Mesh Network: It has point-to-point connections between
every device.
Each device requires an interface for every
other device.
06/15/15
432
Network Topology
True Mesh Network:-
06/15/15
433
Network Topology
Hybrid Mesh Network:-
06/15/15
434
Network Topology
Advantages or Disadvantages of
Mesh Network:Units affected by Media Failure.
Ease of Installation.
Ease of Troubleshooting.
Ease of reconfiguration.
06/15/15
435
Network Topology
Advantages or Disadvantages of
Mesh Network: Units affected by Media Failure:- No units
are affected by Media failure.
436
Network Topology
Advantages or Disadvantages of
Mesh Network: Ease
of
Troubleshooting:-
Easy
medium link
to
is
437
Network Topology
Star Ring Network: Here two topologies are combined for
achieving the best of both.
The configuration consists of a number of
concentration points connected together
in a ring.
06/15/15
438
Network Topology
Star Ring Network: The star-ring operates exactly in the same
way as a normal ring.
Sometimes more descriptively called the
star-shaped ring.
06/15/15
439
Network Topology
Advantages of the Star Ring
Network: Fault diagnosis and isolation.
Ease of expansion.
Cabling.
06/15/15
440
Network Topology
Advantages of the Star Ring
Network: Fault diagnosis and isolation:-
The
441
Network Topology
Advantages of the Star Ring
Network: Cabling:-The
concentration points in a
442
Wiring Closets
06/15/15
Star ring or star shape ring topology
443
To another wire
R1
center
Work
stations
RI=Ring interface
Relay
06/15/15
RI
444
Network Topology
Disadvantages of Star Ring
Network:Intelligent
required:-
concentration
points
445
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions: Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission
Isochronous transmission
06/15/15
446
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Asynchronous transmission: One character is transmitted at a time.
The transfer is controlled by start bit and stop
bits.
06/15/15
447
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Asynchronous transmission: It use low speed transmission of data in
conjunction with narrow band and few slower
speed (less than 1200bps)
06/15/15
448
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions: Asynchronous transmission
1 10011101
1 1
star character parity stop
449
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Synchronous transmission: Blocks of character are transmitted in timed
synchronization characters.
Receiving device accept data until it get
ending signal.
06/15/15
450
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Synchronous transmission :-
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION: It resist timing errors much better than
asynchronous
because
both
the
452
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Isochronous transmission: Use a constant frequency transmissionclock to
crate set time slots.
Clock is generated by designated network device.
06/15/15
453
Data Transmissions
Methods of data Transmissions:Isochronous transmission: Multiple frames can be inserted into each
slot until the slot is full.
Clock is provided by constant rate by a
single device.
06/15/15
454
455
06/15/15
456
Transmission Modes
Data transmission occur in one of
the three modes: Simplex mode
Half duplex mode
Full duplex mode
06/15/15
457
Transmission Modes
Data transmission occur in one of
the three modes:-
Simplex modes
computer
458
Transmission Modes
Simplex mode: It can not do both I.e send and receive the
data.
Simplex mode (circuits) are seldom used.
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459
Transmission Modes
Data transmission occur in one of the
three modes
HALF DUPLEX MODE:-
Terminal
06/15/15
Both way
at a time only one
computer
460
Transmission Modes
HALF DUPLEX MODE: The device use Half Duplex Mode can either
be able to send or receive the data but not
simultaneously.
Example is citizen band radio.
06/15/15
461
Transmission Modes
FULL DUPLEX MODE: Faster mode since avoid delay that occur in
Half Duplex Mode
computer
Terminal
06/15/15
Both way
simultaneously
462
DATA TRANSMISSION
Forms of Data Transmission: Analog data transmission.
Digital data transmission.
06/15/15
463
DATA TRANSMISSION
Analog Data Transmission: It is the transmission of the data in a
continuous wave form as:-
06/15/15
464
DATA TRANSMISSION
Digital Data Transmission: It is the transmission of data using
distinct 0 and 1 states.
06/15/15
465
MODULATION
To overcome these following
problems we need modulation: It is a process in which some characteristics
of high frequency sine wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of
the message generally called modulating
signal.
06/15/15
466
NEED OF MODULATION
To overcome these following
problems we need modulation: For efficient radiation and reception,the
transmitting and receiving antennas would
have heights comparable to a quarterwave-length of the frequency used.
06/15/15
467
NEED OF MODULATION
When signal frequencies are transmitted
directly, all sound is concentrated within
the range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, so that all
signal from the different sources would be
hopelessly and inextricably mixed up.
06/15/15
468
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
469
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
In baseband communication,
signals
are
baseband
transmitted
without
06/15/15
470
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
Because the baseband signals have
sizeable power at low frequencies ,they
cannot be transmitted over a radio link , but
are suitable for transmission over a pair of
wires .
06/15/15
471
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
Local telephone communication and shorthaul PCM use baseband communication.
Because baseband communication uses
only baseband frequencies,its uses are
rather restricted.
06/15/15
472
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES:-
06/15/15
473
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES:-
474
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES:-
475
BASEBAND
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES:-
06/15/15
476
CARRIER
COMMUNICATION
06/15/15
477
CARRIER
COMMUNICATION
478
CARRIER
COMMUNICATION
modulation.
06/15/15
479
TYPES OF MODULATION
Continuous wave (C-W) modulation
Pulse modulation
Analog modulation
digital modulation
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TYPES OF MODULATION
Continuous wave (C-W)
modulation: In this case, the carrier is a sinusoidal wave .
It is a continuous process therefore, suited
to signals that are continuously varying
with time.
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TYPES OF MODULATION
Pulse modulation: Here, the carrier is a periodic train of
pulses.
It is a discontinues, discrete process.
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TYPES OF MODULATION
The modulation is characterized by
frequency techniques.
It goes hand to hand as telegraphy &
teletype.
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Analog Modulation
Here parameter modulation varies in
direct propagation to the modulating
signals.
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Coded of digital
modulation
485
Fundamental limitation
In a communication system: Technological Constraints.
Fundamental Physical Limitations.
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Fundamental limitation
Technological Constraints: These arise due to engineering facts and are
related to problems of feasibility such diverse
consideration as equipment availability ,
interaction and compatibility with the existing
system and economic factors etc.
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Fundamental limitation
Fundamental Physical
Limitations: These are imposed by the system itself , the
laws of nature that govern the task.
These limitations just and cannot be
resolved even in theory.
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission lines, the backbone
of the network, come in two basic
varieties : baseband
broadband.
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Baseband communication links are
twisted pair wire & baseband coaxial cable.
Broadband
media
are
broadband
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
Inter-continental telephone subscriber
dealing and instant world wide telecasts
these days gives us an idea how recent
broad band long-distance communication
has come up so fast.
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
It started way back in 1850s when first
transatlantic telegraph cable was used
and
then
first
transatlantic
radio
492
BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
494
BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
Trans-continental
communication
496
BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
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BROAD BAND
COMMUNICATIONS
499
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MULTIPLEXING
DEFINITION: Multiplexing is the process of combining
the transmission character by character
from several devices into a single data
stream .
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MULTIPLEXING
Terminal a
MUTIPLEXER
S
COMPUTER
Terminal b
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MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXER: It is a device that produce multiplexing.
It allows the communication channels to
transmit much more data .
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MULTIPLEXING
A
B
MUX
MUX
C
MULTIPLEXING
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MULTIPLEXING
METHODS USED BY THE MULTIPLEXER
TO COMMUNICATE: Frequency-division multiplexing. ( FDM )
Time-division multiplexing. ( TDM )
Statistical time -division multiplexing.
Stat TDM )
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505
MULTIPLEXING
Frequency-division multiplexing: It uses separate frequencies to establish
multiple channels within a broadband
medium.
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