(Organic Light Emitting Diode)

The Future Of Lighting

Seminar By
Pradeep K Vijayan
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
OUTLINE
• History
• Structure
• Working
• Types
• Manufacturing
• Advantages
• Applications
• Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• Reference
HISTORY OF OLEDS
• First developed in the early 1950s in France
• Early technology would emit a short burst of light when a
voltage was applied
• This early form applied high-voltage alternating current
field to crystalline thin films of acridine orange and
quinacrine.
• 1960s - AC-driven electroluminescent cells using doped
anthracene was developed
• In a 1977 paper, Shirakawa et al. Reported high
conductivity in similarly oxidized and iodine-doped
polyacetylene.
• In 1987 Chin Tang and Van Slyke introduced the first
light emitting diodes from thin organic layers.
• In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.
STRUCTURE OF OLED

a. Cathode
b. Emissive Layer
c. Conductive Layer
d. Anode
e. Substrate
Architecture of OLEDs
a. Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the
type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current
flows through the device.
b. Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic
molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that
transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is
made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is
polyfluorene.
c. Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic
molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One
conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
d. Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds
electron "holes") when a current flows through the device.
e. Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports
the OLED.
 How OLED Work
• Voltage applied across Cathode
and Anode
• Typically 2V-10V
• Current flows from cathode to
anode
• Electrons flow to emissive layer
• Electrons removed from
conductive layer leaving holes
• Holes jump into emissive layer
• Electron and hole combine and
light emitted
TYPES OF OLED

• Passive-matrix OLED
• Active-matrix OLED
• Transparent OLED
• Top-emitting OLED
• Foldable OLED
• White OLED
1. Passive-Matrix OLED
• Perpendicular cathode/anode strip orientation.
• Light emitted at intersection (pixels).
• External circuitry to
determine which pixels to
turn on/off.
• Large power consumption
• Used on 1-3 inch screens.
• Alphanumeric displays.
• Easy to make.
• Best for small screens.
2. Active-Matrix OLED
• Full layers of cathode, anode, organic molecules
• Thin Film Transistor matrix (TFT) on top of anode
• Internal circuitry to
determine which pixels to
turn on/off
• Less power consumed then
PMOLED
• Used for larger display
• Higher refresh rates
3. Transparent OLED
• Transparent substrate, cathode and anode
• Bi-direction light emission
• Passive or Active Matrix
OLED
• Useful in heads-up display
• Transparent projector
• glasses
4. Top-emitting OLED

• Non-transparent or reflective substrate

• Transparent Cathode
• Used with Active Matrix
Device
• Smart card displays
5. Foldable OLED

• Flexible metallic foil or plastic substrate

• Lightweight and durable
• Reduce display
breaking
• Clothing OLED
6. White OLED

• Emits bright white light

• Replace fluorescent lights
• True Color Qualities
• Reduce energy cost
for lighting
MANUFACTURING OF
OLEDs
THREE METHODS

1.Vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE)

2.Organic vapor phase deposition

(OVPD)

3.Inkjet printing
• The biggest part is applying the organic layers to the substrate.
• Three ways: Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation
(VTE) - organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and
allowed to condense as thin films onto cooled substrates. expensive
and inefficient.
• Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure, hot-
walled reactor chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic
molecules onto cooled substrates, where they condense into thin
films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the
cost of making OLEDs.
• Inkjet printing - With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto
substrates just like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing.
Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of OLED manufacturing
and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for large
displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards.
Current Research on OLEDs
• Manufacturers focusing on finding a cheap way
to produce.
• "Roll-to-Roll" Manufacturing.
• Increasing efficiency of blue
Luminance.
• Boosting overall lifespan.
TECHNOLOGIES

 CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

 VACUUM FLOURECENT DISPLAY (VFD)
 FIELD EMISSION DISPLAY (FED)
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
 PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL (PDP)
 ELECTROLUMINISCENT DISPLAY (EL)
 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)
CRT
1. 100 YEAR OLD WORKHORSE
2. CATHODOLUMINISCENT
3. BEAM SCAN DEVICE
4. GOOD BRIGHTNESS
5. GOOD RESOLUTION
6. GOOD COLOUR GAMUT
7. BEST PERFORMANCE TO COST
8. BULKY HEAVY
9. UNIMPLEMENTABLE IN LARGE
SIZES
10. OBSOLESCENCE
11. STILL ENJOYS 50% MARKET
LCD

1. Most mature flat panel technology

2. Major share of FPD market
3. Poor intrinsic viewing angle
4. Requires backlight
5. Inefficient
6. Slow
7. Effected by Temperature and sunlight
Advantages over LED & LCD
 High resolution.
 Do not require backlight.
 Larger viewing angles -170o
 Thinner, lighter and flexible.
 Plastic substrates rather then
glass.
 Low voltage, low power and Consume
significantly less energy.
 OLEDs refresh almost 1,000 times faster then
LCDs.
 Brighter- good daylight visibility.
LED V/S OLED
Parameter LED OLED OLED Advantage
Average Brightness 3000 nits 3800 nits 25% Brighter
Thickness 2 - 3 mm 0.8 mm(1st Gen) Thinner handset
0.2 mm(2nd Gen)

Color Spectrum Poor in red and green Rich in red and green High color quality
picture on cell phone
screen

Voltage 10.8 V 3 in series 3-7V Lower Voltage

Brightness 65 - 75% > 90% Better quality picture
Uniformity
Backlight Unit Rigid plastic Rigid glass or Versatility in
flexible plastic application
Thermal Stability Problems above 60 C Stable up to 100 C Usable in harsh
environments
APPLICATIONS

 TVs.
 Lights
 Cell Phone screens.
 Computer Screens.
 Keyboards (Optimus Maximus).
 Portable Device displays.
 Cameras
 PDA’S
 Laptops
Future Products of OLED

• Nokia concept OLED

Laptop( Scroll Laptop)
• Wallpaper lighting defining
new ways to light a space
• Transparent Car Navigation System On
Windshield
• Nokia 888
Optimus Maximus Keyboard
• Small OLED screen on every key
• 113 OLED screens total
• Each key can be programmed to perform a series of
functions
• Keys can be linked to applications
• Display notes, numerals, special symbols, HTML
codes, etc.
OLED products
• Released XEL-1 in Feb 2009.
• First OLED TV sold in stores.
• 11'' screen, 3mm thin
• $2,500 MSRP
• Weighs approximately 1.9 kg
• Wide 178 degree viewing angle
• 1,000,000:1 Contrast ratio
• Kodak LS633 Easy Share.
Disadvantages

× Cost to manufacture is high.

× Overall luminance degradation.
× Constraints with lifespan.
× Limited market availability.
× Susceptible to water.
× Overcome multi-billion dollar LCD market.
CONCLUSION
• Limited use caused by degradation of
materials.
• OLED will replace current LED and LCD
technologies.
• Expensive.
• Flexibility and thinness will enable many
applications.
REFERENCE

• www.wikipedia.org
• www.oled-research.com
• www.voidspace.org.uk
• www.technologyreview.com
• www.oled.org
Thank U for listening.