Nutrition is the provision

of materials, usually in
form of food, to support
life in organisms.

NUTRITION
Autotrophic

Heterotrophic

Synthesis complex
organic compounds
from raw, simple
inorganic substances
using light or
chemical energy

An organism obtains
energy through the
intake and digestion of
organic substances,
normally plant and
animal tissues.

AUTOTROPHIC
Chemosynthesis
Uses energy derived from oxidation of
inorganic substances
Eg~ Sulphur bacteria which oxidizes sulphur
to sulphate and Nitrosomonas sp. Which
oxidizes ammonium to nitrate
Photosynthesis
Uses energy from sunlight
Eg~ All green plants carry out photosynthesis

HETEROTROPHIC
Holozoic Nutrition
Ingests and digests food to obtain nutrients
Eg~ human, animals and insectivorous plants
Saprophytism
Obtains nutrients from dead organic matter
Eg~ bacteria and fungi like mushrooms, yeast,
and Mucor sp. (bread mould)
Paratism
Obtains nutrients from living organisms
Eg~ fleas, lice and tapeworms

Balance Diet

The necessity for a balanced diet

A balanced diet refers to a diet which
contains the right amount of all the seven
classes of food in order to meet the bodys
requirement.
A food pyramid shows the quantities of food
group servings a person should should
consume daily.

 A balanced diet can be defined as one, which

contains the various groups of food stuffs such
as energy yielding foods (carbohydrates, fats),
body-building foods (protein, minerals), and
protective foods (vitamins) in correct
propositions.
So that an individual is assured of obtaining the
minimum requirements of all the nutrients. The
components of a balanced diet will differ
according to age, sex, physical activity,
economic status, occupation and the
physiological state like pregnancy & lactation.

 There are no good or bad foods or good

or bad diets. All foods contain different
levels of nutrients but no single food
can provide all the vitamins and minerals
our bodies need in the right amounts.

 To maintain good health and to function

efficiently our bodies needs proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
Our body also needs plenty of water. We must
drink 1.5 - 2 litres of fluid daily to maintain
healthy kidneys and prevent urinary infection.
The body needs extra fluid when energy
expenditure is high and also in hot weather.
Water is required in large amounts to
regulate body processes such as digestion,
excretion, and maintenance of the body
temperature and the electrolyte balance.

 The simple dietary modifications, which

people can adopt using the balanced diet
chart or food guide pyramid can help to
reduce the risk of heart diseases and
other diet related conditions such as
diabetes mellitus and some forms of
cancer.

 The molecules that act as a source of

energy.
The chemical building blocks for growth
and repair of damaged body tissuse.
The elements and compounds that
participate in a variety of metabolic
reaction.

Group 1. Cereal Grains and Products.

Foods such as rice, wheat, jowar, bajra and ragi are in
this group. These supply energy or calories, protein,
invisible fats. These foods also contribute iron,
thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid and fiber.

Group 2. Pulses And Legumes.

The foodstuffs in this group are pulses and legumes
(eg beans, soya beans, peas, Rajmah, Bengal grams
etc). It provides energy, protein, invisible fat, Vitamin
B1, Vitamin B2, folic acid, calcium, iron and fibres.

Group 3. Milk , Nuts and Meat Products.

They include milk, curd, skimmed milk, cheese, almonds,
groundnuts, chicken, meat, liver, egg, fish and other flesh foods.
All these foodstuffs supply mainly protein, fat, calcium and
vitamin B2.

Group 4. Fruits And Vegetables.

These include green leafy vegetables, yellow or orange fruits and
vegetables such as papaya, mango, carrots,tomato, pumpkin,
stems, leaves and flowers of plants, ladies finger, bringals,
bittergourds and other gourds, cabbage and cauliflower. Fruits
such as amla, lemons, orange are rich in minerals and vitamins,
especially vitamin C and calcium, iron and folic acid. They also
contribute half of vitamin A requirement. Other major nutrients
are invisible fat, vitamin B2 and fibre. They provide variety in
taste and texture and furnish roughage in the diet.

Group 5. Fats And Sugars

All these foodstuffs supply energy or calories - vegetable
oils, vanaspathi, ghee, cream, sugar and jaggery. This
group constitutes about 1/6th of the energy value of the
diet and provides essential fatty acids, but does not add
appreciably to the protein, mineral or vitamin adequately.
Oils should be used sparingly in the diet. They add taste
and flavour to the food. In India, commonly available
cooking oils include mustard oil, coconut oil, gingelly oil,
groundnut oil, palmolein oil, and sunflower oil.
People eat large amounts of foods but still they suffer
from malnutrition because they are consuming an
unbalanced diet. Eating too much or unbalanced diets such
as more of complex carbohydrates and fats can lead to
obesity and therefore increase the risk of serious
conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease,
diabetes mellitus.

 Diets containing foodstuffs drawn from each of the food groups

supply all essential nutrients in adequate amounts and keep a majority
of individuals consuming them in a good state of health.
Even though the recommended balance of foods applies to most people
of all ethnic origins and those who are over weight, few individual
variations can be there. Infants under two years of age for example
should be given milk products, which is not skimmed. They also need
more dairy foods than adults. But between the ages of two and five
children make a gradual transition on to family foods - the balanced
diet chart or food pyramid begin to apply. People with special dietary
needs and those under medical supervision should check with their
doctor or nutritionist to see if this balance of foods is suited to them.
Vitamin and mineral supplements are no substitutes for good eating
habits. The majority of people will meet all their nutritional
requirements by following the basic guidelines out lined in the
balanced diet chart or food pyramid.

Group
Man

Woman

Particulars

Kilo Calories

Sedentary work

2350

Moderate work

2700

Heavy work

3200

Sedentary work

1800

Moderate work

2100

Heavy work

2450

Pregnancy

+ 300

Lactation 0 - 6 months

+ 550

6 - 12 months

+ 400

Group

Particulars

Kilo Calories

Infants

0 - 6 months

118 / Kg

6 - 12 months

108 / kg

1 - 3 years

1125

4 - 6 years

1600

7 - 9 years

1925

10 - 12 years

2150

13 - 15 years

2400

16 - 18 years

2600

10 - 12 years

1950

13 - 15 years

2050

16 - 18 years

2050

Children

Boys

Girls

Characteristics/
Function:
Normal growth
Healthy eyes and
skin

Deficiency disease:
Night blindness

Vitamin B comes from Peas, meat,

cereals,seafood

aaaaaaa
Characteristics/
Function:
As the components
of coenzymes

Deficiency disease:
Beri-beri

Vitamin B2 come
from yeast, egg
and meat.

Characteristics/
Function:
Healthy growth
Healthy skin

Deficiency disease:
Inflammation of lips
Mouth sores

MALNUTRITION

What is
malnutrition??
Malnuttrition
is a
unbalanced diet.

The effects of
malnutrition.
Protein
deficiency

kwashiorkor

marasmus

Receive a small amount of protein(distend

Stomach and suffer from diarrhoea)..

Not enough protein and carbohydrates(be

Very thin and wrinkled skin)..

 Deficiency
disease
deficiency in v.c

Deficiency in v.d
Ferum shortage

Scurvy(swollen,bleeding gums and too

Loss..

Calcium and phosphorus Causes ricket

anaemia

 osteoporosis

Lacking in calcium(elderly people)

Cause the bones to become porous

And break easily

 Excessive amount
of carbohydrates
and lipid..
obesity

20%more weight than a person height

Effects

1.High level of cholesterol in blood

2.Cardiovascular disease
3.Diabetes mellitus

 Excessive amount
of sodium(salt)
High blood pressure
(can cause the damages of kidneys)

 Excessive
amount of
vitamins

Vitamin A(fat soluable vitamin) effect

Vitamin D

effect

Hair loss,bone and joint pa

Loss of appetite and liver
Damage.

Overload in calcium in blood which can inter

The functions of muscles and heart tissue..

How to prevent
malnutrition??
Reducing the amount of
Salt in home cooking

Prevent yourself from

taking too much sugar
and carbohydrates in
Your foods

Try to balance your diet

Exercise more and

Regularly

Mineral
Function: for the maintenance of good health.

Mineral

Sources

Function

calcium

Milk, cheese,
green
vegetables,
legumes.

Combines with
phosphorus for
formation of
strong teeth &
bones.

phosphorus

Milk, cheese,
meat, grains.

Combines with
calcium to form
strong bones &
teeth.

Sodium( comm
on salt)

Salt

To maintain
osmotic
pressure

potassium

Fruit

Transmission of
nerve impulses.

Ferum( iron)

Liver, kidney,
raw egg

Formation of
haemoglobin in
red blood cells.

Iodine

Sea food

Formation of
the hormones.