Production Logging.. Why ?

With PL sensors, we get

dowhole profile (zonal contribution)

downhole rates
downhole fluid properties (hold-up, densities, etc)

How do we convert to surface rates ?

Fluid conversions
using

PVT properties

PVT properties Liquid Phase

P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component
hydrocarbon at constant temperature

Pressure

Liquid

Volume
Pressure initially drops quickly due to low
compressibility of the LIQUID

PVT properties - Bubble Point Pressure

Pressure

P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component

hydrocarbon at constant temperature

First Gas Bubble

Volume
At bubble point pressure pressure is constant while
the phase changes to GAS

PVT properties - Dew Point

Pressure

P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component

hydrocarbon at constant temperature

Last Liquid Drop

Volume
For a single component fluid the Bubble Point
and Dew Point pressures are the same

PVT properties

Pressure

P-V Phase Diagram of Single Component

hydrocarbon at constant temperature

Gas

Volume
Pressure drop is slower due to the higher gas
compressibility

PVT properties

Pressure

Bubble Point Line

Critical Point
Dew Point Line

Volu
me

ture
a
r
e
p
Tem

For a single component fluid, the P-T diagram is

a single straight line

Fluid Conversions
Surface

BBP,BBT
BBP,BBT

BBo , ,BBg :: Gas

Gas&&Oil
Oil
o
g
Formation
FormationVolume
VolumeFactor*
Factor*
Bo

Rs

Bg
Rs=
Rs=Solution
SolutionGas
GasOil
OilRatio
Ratio

FVF = Vol. @ downhole

Vol. @standard cond

Downhole
(Calculated)

Fluid mechanics

Flow structures

ed
er
s
Di
sp
ne
ly
Fi
Ve
ry

Ve
ry

Fi

Co
-C
u

ne
ly

rre
n

Di

sp
er
s

ed

University of Tulsa Observations

Re-plotted from SPE # 38810

45
30
15

2" Pipe
2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

eu
do
-s
lug
s
Ps

er
-c
W

at
er

Co

un
t

na
lF
Tr
an
sit
io

Di

sp
e

rs
ed

lo

ur
re

nt

Water cut

1.25

MapFlo
O
il
M
L a ix in
ye g
r

W
at
er

= constant for a given pipe deviation

= 0 for a horizontal pipe
= infinity for a vertical pipe

Flow structures domains

9
0

Video
Flagship & Analyser

Pure Water

Analyser

Analyser

Logging

Pure oil

D
e
v
ia
tio
n

5
0
~
7
0

Pure Oil

Coiled
Tubing
/
Tractor

Pure Water

Monitors

Wireline
/
Slickline

Logging

0%

Water Holdup

100%

Pure Water

Analyser

Analyser

Logging

WC = Yw - (Qs/Qt)
7 pipe

10,000 bpd
4,000 bpd

Pure oil

Pure oil
Pure Water

Monitors

Wireline
/
Slickline

Pure Water

1,000 bpd

Monitors

Logging

2,000 bpd

Deviation

D
e
v
ia
tio
n

5
0
~
7
0

Pure Oil

Coiled
Tubing
/
Tractor

50~70

9
0

Video
Flagship & Analyser

90

Flow structures domains

0%

Water Holdup

100%

0%

Water
Holdup
Water
Cut

100%

Flow map - 45deg pipe

Flow map - 70deg pipe

Flow map - 85deg pipe