Plant Parts Flowers

Color
Shape
Size
Etc

RANUNCULACEAE
Delphinium amplibracteatum

Ranunculus

Argemone mexic
ana

PAPAVERACEAE

Citrus
aurantifoli
a

Murraya koenigii

Citrus limon

RUTACEAE

Murraya

LEGUMINOSAE

Lathyrus odoratus

Pisum
sativum

ROSACEAE

UMBELLIFERAE

Coriandrum

COMPOSITAE

ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias
quinquedentata

Calotropis

SOLANACEAE

Solanum
nigrum

Nicotiana
glauca

LAMIACEAE

Ocimun

Euphorbia
pulcherime

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia

POACEAE

Triticum

Oryza sativa

pistil

Flower parts:

 Perfect: both
stamens & carpels
Imperfect: missing
either stamens or
carpels
Monoecious: both
male & female flowers
on same plant
Dioecious: male &
female flowers on
separate plants

female

male

Embryo sac
fruit

seed

The structure of a flower

monoecious species, male (left) and female (right) begonia flowers

Fig. 42.16

lily

Pollination Mechanisms
Insects
Bees
Butterflies/Moths
Flies
Birds
Bats
Water
Wind

Beepollinate
d

Mothpollinated

Fly-

Bird-pollinated

Bat-pollinated

Wind pollination in grasses

Phyllospadix torreyi
Surf-Grass

Waterpollinated

Fig. 42.9

Fig. 42.10

Double fertilization in
Angiosperms

Pollen produces
2 sperm cells:

Pollen produces 2 sperm cells:

sperm (n) + egg (n)

----> zygote (2n)

sperm (n) + 2 polar nuclei (n)

----> endosperm (3n)

Ovule to seed

Fruit = mature ovary

purpose: protects seeds, dispersal
aid

Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)

Fruit Regions

Types of Fruits
Dry fruits: Tough or papery pericarp
Dehiscent or indehiscent

Fleshy fruits: Soft and juicy pericarp

Drupe
Berry
Aggregate
Multiple
Accessory

Development of
fruit from flower
drupe
berry

simple = 1 ovary of 1
flower
e.g., cherry, soybean pod

compound = multiple
ovaries
aggregate = of one flower
e.g., raspberry, blackberry

multiple = of many flowers

(inflorescence)
e.g., pineapple

accessory = parts other

than ovary
e.g., strawberry, apple,
melon, tomato

Fleshy Fruit
E.g. Drupe Simple fleshy fruit
with a single seed
enclosed by a
hard, stony
endocarp (pit).

Fruits
Berry: Develops
from a
compound ovary.
Contains more
than one seed.
True berry: fruit
with a thin skin
and soft pericarp
(e.g. tomato).

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Required for Reproduction or Display

Berries
Pepos - Thick
skins/exocarps
(Pumpkins).

Berries
Hesperidium
Fruits with
leathery exocarps
containing oil
glands (e.g. Citrus
fruit).

Fruits
Pomes (not a true
fruit)
Pome:Accessory
fruit with thick
hypanthium.
Bulk of flesh comes
from enlarged floral
tube or receptacle
that grows up
around the ovary.
(Apples)

Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission

Required for Reproduction or Display

Fruits
Aggregate
Fruits

Develop
from a
single flower
with numerous
pistils.
Pistils mature as
a clustered
unit on a single
receptacle
E.g. Raspberries,
Strawberries.

Fruits
Multiple Fruits
Develop from
many
individual
flowers in a
single
inflorescence.
E.g.
Pineapples,
Jackfruit

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

Follicle - Splits
along one
side/seam.

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

Legume (e.g.
bean pod)
Consists of one
folded carpel
Splits along
two sides into 2
sections
Each represents
half the carpel.
Some legume
pods, such as
carob and
mesquite, are
indehiscent and
do not split
open.

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

Capsules - Consist
of at least two
carpels, and split
in a variety of
ways.

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Achene
Single seed attached to
pericarp
Pericarp fused into husk
Husk - Easily removed
Eg: buckweed, sunflower
seed

Sunflower seed

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Nut
Single seed with hard
pericarp/husk
Cup or cluster of bracts
form at base
Hazel nuts: only true
nuts
Walnuts, cashews &
pecans = drupes
Brazil nuts = seeds of
capsules

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Grain
One-seeded fruit/seed fused
with seed coat (pericarp)
Eg: wheat

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Samara
Pericarp forms
wings
Fx: aids in seed
dispersal
Can be single or
double
Eg: Elm tree

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Schizocarp
Whole seed
separates to form
2 separate 1seeded fruitlets
E.g.:
Apiaceae/carrot
family

Fig. 40.12

Fig. 40.13

Fig. 40.14

Fig. 40.2a

Fig. 40.2b

Cotyledons (embryonic
leaves)
Single cotyledon = monocot
Two large cotyledons = dicot
Cotyledons can be fleshy or leafy
Cotyledons can be kept belowground
or elevated above ground

Fig. 40.7

Seed Germination
imbibition:
absorption of
water
mobilization of
food reserves
enzyme activity
digests
endosperm
(converts starch
to sugar)

 emergence of
radicle
detects gravity & grows
downward

epicotyl emerges
through soil
surface
light cues upward
& straighter
growth

Seed Germination

Fig. 40.1

With light:
Green
Shorter
Open cotyledons
Straight stem
Without light:
Yellow
Elongated
Closed cotyledons
Hooked stem