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Equation
Yoav Peles
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Understand multidimensionality and time dependence of heat transfer,
and the conditions under which a heat transfer problem can be
approximated as being one-dimensional,
Obtain the differential equation of heat conduction in various
coordinate systems, and simplify it for steady one-dimensional case,
Identify the thermal conditions on surfaces, and express them
mathematically as boundary and initial conditions,
Solve one-dimensional heat conduction problems and obtain the
temperature distributions within a medium and the heat flux,
Analyze one-dimensional heat conduction in solids that involve heat
generation, and
Evaluate heat conduction in solids with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity.
Introduction
Although heat transfer and temperature are
closely related, they are of a different nature.
Temperature has only magnitude
it is a scalar quantity.
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude
it is a vector quantity.
We work with a coordinate system and indicate
direction with plus or minus signs.
Introduction Continue
The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the
temperature difference.
The larger the temperature difference, the larger the
rate of heat transfer.
Three prime coordinate systems:
rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) ,
cylindrical (T(r, , z, t)),
spherical (T(r, , , t)).
Introduction Continue
Classification of conduction heat transfer problems:
steady versus transient heat transfer,
multidimensional heat transfer,
heat generation.
(W) (2-1)
r
r
r
Q&n Q&x i Q&y j Q&z k
(2-3)
T
&
Qy kAy
y
T
&
Qz kAz
z
(2-4)
Heat Generation
Examples:
electrical energy being converted to heat at a rate of I2R,
fuel elements of nuclear reactors,
exothermic chemical reactions.
gen
Rate of heat
conduction
at x+ x
Rate of heat
generation inside
the element
E
element
&
&
&
Qx Qx x Egen,element
t
(2-6)
Rate of change of
the energy content
of the element
Eelement
&
&
&
Qx Qx x Egen ,element
t
(2-6)
Tt t Tt
&
&
&
e
A
x
Qx Qx x gen
cAx
t
(2-9)
c
gen
A x
x
t
(2-11)
T
T
&
k egen c
x x
t
Constant conductivity:
2T e&gen 1 T
2
x
k
t
(2-13)
k
c
(2-14)
d 2T e&gen
0
2
dx
k
(2-15)
2T 1 T
2
x
t
(2-16)
d 2T
0
2
dx
(2-17)
Rate of heat
conduction
at r+ r
Rate of heat
generation inside
the element
Eelement
t
(2-18)
Rate of change of
the energy content
of the element
Eelement
&
&
&
Qr Qr r Egen ,element
t
(2-18)
Tt t Tt
&
&
&
e
A
r
Qr Qr r gen
cAr
t
(2-21)
c
gen
A r
r
t
(2-23)
1
T
T
&
rk
c
gen
r r
r
t
e&gen 1 T
1 T
r
r r r
k
t
(2-25)
(2-26)
e&gen
1 d dT
0 (2-27)
r
r dr dr
k
1 T
1 T
r
r r r
t
(2-28)
d dT
r 0
dr dr
(2-29)
Variable conductivity:
1 2 T
T
r k e&gen c
2
r r
r
t
(2-30)
Constant conductivity:
e&gen 1 T
1 2 T
2
r r
r
k
t
(2-31)
Rate of heat
generation
inside the
element
Rate of change
of the energy
content of the
element
Eelement
&
&
&
&
&
&
E
(2-36)
Qx Qy Qz Qx x Qy y Qz z
gen ,element
t
Repeating the mathematical approach used for the onedimensional heat conduction the three-dimensional heat
conduction equation is determined to be
Two-dimensional
Constant conductivity:
2T 2T 2T e&gen 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z
k
t
(2-39)
Three-dimensional
1) Steady-state:
2T 2T 2T e&gen
2 2
0 (2-40)
2
x
y
z
k
2T 2T 2T 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z
t
(2-41)
2T 2T 2T
generation: x 2 y 2 z 2 0
(2-42)
3) Steady-state, no heat
Cylindrical Coordinates
1
T
1 T T
T
T
k k e&gen c
rk 2
r r
r
r
z
z
t
(2-43)
Spherical Coordinates
1 2 T
1
T
1
T
T
&
k 2
kr
2 2
k sin egen c
2
r r
r
r sin
r sin
t
(2-44)
(2-46)
dx
(2-47)
T (0, t )
k
0
x
or
T (0, t )
0
x
(2-49)
Thermal symmetry
T L , t
2 0
x
(2-50)
and
Heat convection
at the surface in
the same direction
T (0, t )
k
h1 T1 T (0, t )
x
T ( L, t )
k
h2 T ( L, t ) T 2
x
(2-51a)
(2-51b)
and
Radiation exchange
at the surface in
the same direction
T (0, t )
4
4
k
1 Tsurr
T
(0,
t
)
,1
x
(2-52a)
T ( L, t )
4
k
2 T ( L, t ) 4 Tsurr
,2
x
(2-52b)
(2-53)
TA ( x0 , t )
T ( x , t )
k B B 0 (2-54)
x
x
Heat transfer
from the surface
In all modes
Rate of
energy generation
within the solid
(2-63)
Q& hAs Ts T
Ts T
(W)
e&genV
hAs
(2-65)
(2-66)
Ts , sphere T
e&gen r0
3h
(2-69)
dT
e&genVr
dr
(2-70)
e&gen r02
4k
(2-71)
T1
k (T )dT
(2-75)
T2 T1
k (T ) k0 (1 T )
(2-79)