Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SYSTEMS
Air Navigation
What is RADAR?
What is Radar?
RADAR
Radar Applications/Uses
Radar
uses include:
Air traffic control
Weather Forecasting,
Measuring ocean surface waves
Police detection of speeding traffic
Satellite
History
1904The
German engineerChristian
Hlsmeyerinvents the "telemobiloscope" for a traffic
monitoring on the water in poor visibility. This is the first
practical radar test. Hlsmeyer apply his invention for a
patent in Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
1921Theinvention of the Magnetronas an efficient
transmitting tube by the US-american physicistAlbert
Wallace Hull
1922The American electrical engineersAlbert H.
TaylorandLeo C. Youngof the Naval Research
Laboratory (USA) locate a wooden ship for the first time.
1930Lawrence A. Hyland(also of the Naval Research
Laboratory), locates an aircraft for the first time.
1931A ship is equipped with radar. As antennae are
used parabolic dishes with horn radiators.
Basic Principle
Most
conventional
aircraft have a
rounded shape.
This shape creates
a very efficient
radar reflector.
Means that no
matter where the
radar signal hits
the plane, some of
the signal gets
reflected back
However,
F-22 Raptor
some
military aircraft
are designed and
constructed to be
non-reflective the so-called
stealth
aircraft.
A stealth aircraft is
made up of completely
flat surfaces and very
sharp edges. When a
radar signal hits a
stealth plane, the signal
reflects away at an
angle. Surfaces on a
stealth aircraft also can
absorb radar energy as
well. So, this aircraft
become invisible.
ATC RADARS
SMR and TSR
ATC Radars
Surface
Radar Display
Radar Display
What appear on radar
display?
Aircraft Identity.
Altitude
Speed
Direction
Example
MH092 FL280
585
Primary Surveillance
Radar
Disadvantages of Primary
Surveillance Radar (PSR)
First,
Advantages of Secondary
Surveillance Radar SSR
First, reply signal is much stronger when
received at the ground, thus giving the
possibility of much greater range.
Second, low power required to radiate the
signals, thus reduce the cost.
Third, provides more information: aircrafts
identity, altitude & speed.
Fourth, SSR gives a clearer display because
there is no weather or ground return.
Fifth, It is easier to identify aircraft on SSR.
Modes of SSR
Mode
A
Mode A/C
Mode S (selective)
Mode S/ES (extended squitter)
Mode A
Developed
Frequent transmissions
Power hungry transmitter
Mode A/C
Incorporates
mode A plus
Altitude (i.e. Flight Level) as well as
identifier
Extra power required to heat the
altimeter to a constant temperature
Mode S (selective)
Incorporates
Can
respond selectively:
Two
PSR VS SSR
Computation
ThePulse Repetition
Frequency (PRF)of the
radar system is the
number of pulses that
are transmitted per
second.
The time between the
beginning of one pulse
and the start of the next
pulse is called PulseRepetition Time
(PRT).
Width
PRT
Duty Cycle
Duty
Duty Cycle
Dwell time
The
Distance-determination
The
Direction-determination
The
minimal measuring
rangeRmin(blind range) is the
minimum distance which the target
must have to be detect. Therein, it is
necessary that the transmitting pulse
leaves the antenna completely and the
radar unit must switch on the receiver.
hetransmitting
timeand the
recovery timetrecoveryshould are as short
as possible, if targets shall be detected
in the local area.
Elevation Angle
Range Resolution
The target resolution of a radar is its ability to distinguish between
targets that are very close in either range or bearing. Weapons-control
radar, which requires great precision, should be able to distinguish
between targets that are only yards apart. Search radar is usually less
precise and only distinguishes between targets that are hundreds of
yards or even miles apart. Resolution is usually divided into two
categories; range resolution and bearing resolution.
Range resolution is the ability of a radar system to distinguish between
two or more targets on the same bearing but at different ranges. The
degree of range resolution depends on the width of the transmitted
pulse, the types and sizes of targets, and the efficiency of the receiver
and indicator. Pulse width is the primary factor in range resolution. A
well-designed radar system, with all other factors at maximum
efficiency, should be able to distinguish targets separated by one-half
the pulse width time. Therefore, the theoretical range resolution cell of
a radar system can be calculated from the following equation:
Radars Accuracy
Accuracy is the degree of conformance between the
estimated or measured position and/or the velocity of a
platform at a given time and its true position or velocity.
Radio navigation performance accuracy is usually presented
as a statistical measure of system error and is specified as:
Predictable: The accuracy of a position in relation to the
geographic or geodetic co-ordinates of the earth.
Repeatable: The accuracy in which a user can return to a
position whose co-ordinates have been measured at a
previous time with the same navigation system.
Relative: The accuracy which a user can determine one
position relative to another (by neglegting all possible
errors).