Piping CAESAR II

April 27 2015
Muhammed Azeez Sadiq
MT-PRJ HO

Why do we perform stress

analysis?

1) To keep stresses in pipes within code allowable levels

2) To keep nozzle loadings on attached equipment within

allowables of manufactures of recognized standards (API 610,

API 617)
3) To keep vessel stresses at piping connections within ASME
Section VIII allowable levels
4) To calculate design loads for sizing supports and restraints
5) To determine piping displacements for interfernce checks
6) To solve dynamic problems in piping, such as pulsation and
mechanical vibration

Design Data
Pipe Sizes
Pipe Materials
Operating Parameters
Temperatures
Pressure
Fluid Contents
Code Stress Allowables
Loading Parameters
Insulation Weight
Wind
Earthquake

Code Stresses vs Real Stresses

1) Inclusion or exclusion of piping loads

2) Loading Type Analyzed as if separate
3) Code Committee Tradition Differing Concerns

Types of Stresses in Piping

Longitudinal Stress
Normal force acting parallel to the
longitudinal axis
Types
Longitudinal Pressure due to Axial Force
Internal Pressure
Bending Stress due to Moments

Types of Stresses in Piping

Hoop Stresses
Orthogonal to Axial Direction and Parallel to Pipe Circumference

Types of Stresses in Piping

Radial Stresses
Normal Stress orthogonal to pipe axis and parallel to pipe radius

Radial Stress is zero at the outer radius where bending stresses are maximized
Hence radial stress is often ignored in calculations

Types of Stresses in Piping

Shear Stresses
Applied in Direction parallel to face of plane of crystal structure
Causes adjacent planes to slip past one another

Maximum at neutral axis

Zero at maximum distance from neutral axis
Insignificant compared to bending stresses hence often ignored

Types of Stresses in Piping

Shear Stress due to Torsion

Failure Theories
1. Octahedral Shear, or von Mises Theory
2. Maximum Shear, or Tresca Theory
3. Maximum Stress, or Rankine Theory
Most piping codes including B31.3 use slight modification of Maximum Shear
Stress Theory.

is similar to

Primary Stresses

Force Driven
Not Self-limiting
Typically not cyclic in nature
Excessive load causes
failure

Secondary Stresses

Displacement Driven
Self-limiting
Typically cyclic in nature
Single application of load
never causes failure

Code Compliances B31.3

Sustained Stresses

Sh =

Code Compliances B31.3

Expansion Stresses

Code Compliances B31.3

Occasional Stresses
Not defined explicitly
Sum of longitudinal stresses not to exceed 1.33 Sh
Calculate sustained and occasional separately and
then add them absolutely.

Loading Types
Primary
Sustained
Occasional
Secondary
Conflicting Solutions

Sustained Loads
Characteristics
Force Driven
Present for relatively long times

Examples
Pressure
Weight
Spring hanger pre-loads

Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness Straight Pipe under Internal

Pressure

Equations in both forms

Only Deals with Pressure Effects
Tm=t+c (31.3)

Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness Elbow under Internal

Pressure

Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness Mitered Elbows under

Internal Pressure

Multiple Bend Equation

Single Bend Equation

Minimum Thickness of Branched Connection

Types of Stresses