Para, Dia and

Ferromagnetism

Magnetization
The presence (or absence) of a significant
magnetic moment for atoms will govern
how they respond to magnetic fields.

Magnetization
The presence (or absence) of a significant
magnetic moment for atoms will govern
how they respond to magnetic fields.

B
For those that possess a significant
magnetic moment, the application of an
external magnetic field will tend to align
the atomic magnetic moments

Magnetization
Magnetization is a vector related to the
magnetic moment of a material

In fact, the magnitude of the vector is the

magnetic moment per unit volume

Magnetization
The response of a material to the application of a
magnetic field will depend on the level of
magnetization that the material undergoes
B0

Magnetization
B0

The magnetic moments are of course themselves,

B-Field sources and will generate magnetic Fields
of their own that may either strengthen the overall
field or weaken it

Magnetization

B B0 0 M
The total magnetic field equals the external magnetic
field, B0, and the magnetic field generated by the
alignment (or in some cases, creation) of atomic
magnetic moments

Magnetization

1
H
B0
0
Magnetic Field Strength
The influence of an external field is often expressed in
terms of the magnetic field shown above

Magnetization

B 0 ( H M )
The total magnetic field can then be
expressed as the sum of the field strength
and magnetization vector with the free
space permeability, 0.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

M H
Magnetic Susceptibility

The magnetic susceptibility relates the degree (and

sense) of magnetization given an applied field
strength. It is characteristic of the substance and it
is very much temperature dependent.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

The expression for the total magnetic field can be rewritten as

B mH
where

m 0 (1 )
The magnetic permeability

If the magnetic permeability, m exceeds

the free space permeability, 0, ( a positive
magnetic susceptibility) the material in
question will either be paramagnetic or
ferromagnetic
If m is less than 0, (negative magnetic
susceptibility) the material is said to
diamagnetic.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetic materials possess significant

atomic magnetic moments, often due to
unpaired valence electrons

Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic materials possess little or no atomic
magnetic moments. What magnetization they
undergo is induced by the application of an external
magnetic field.

Ferromagnetism
Like paramagnetic materials, ferromagnetic substances
possess significant magnetic moments. Unlike
paramagnetic materials, they have a significant
attraction to other magnetic materials
Ferromagnetic materials have other interesting features

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments
associated with paramagnetic substances,
the moments in ferromagnetic materials have
strong interactions with their nearest
neighbor moments.

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments
associated with paramagnetic substances,
the moments in ferromagnetic materials have
strong interactions with their nearest
neighbor moments.
This leads to a strong correlation between
large groups of magnetic moments in
ferromagnetic materials

Ferromagnetism
Unlike the atomic magnetic moments
associated with paramagnetic substances,
the moments in ferromagnetic materials have
strong interactions with their nearest
neighbor moments.
This leads to a strong correlation between
large groups of magnetic moments in
ferromagnetic materials
These large groups are known as domains

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Comparing the response of the total magnetic field to the

applied Field Strength
The relation for the Ferromagnetic curve is non-linear

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Comparing the response of the total magnetic field to the

applied Field Strength
The relation for the Ferromagnetic curve is non-linear
In addition, if you decrease H for the ferromagnetic sample,
the B field will not decrease in the same way, it increased

Ferromagnetic

Because of the domains, ferromagnetic substances will

retain a permanent B-field after magnetization.

Ferromagnetic

Because of the domains, ferromagnetic substances will

retain a permanent B-field after magnetization.
This property, where the response to magnetization depends
on the previous magnetizations is called hysterisis

B B

H H

The area underneath the curves indicate the work

done by H in changing the magnetic field of the
substance in question

Saturation Point

B B

Saturation Point

The figure above shows a hysterisis curve between the two

saturation points of a particular ferromagnetic material
The saturation point corresponds to the maximum
magnetization that a material can achieve

To reverse the process of magnetizing a ferromagnetic

material, one would have to follow this hysterisis curve

Magnetization

Temperature
A little Thermodynamics

Magnetization

Phase Diagram of Typical Ferromagnetic Material

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

Temperature

Magnetization

Paramagnetic

Curie Temperature
Ferromagnetic

Temperature

Diamagnetism
Unlike Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism, the atomic
magnetic moments associated with Diamagnetic behavior
are induced by the application of a magnetic field
B0

Diamagnetism
Unlike Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism, the atomic
magnetic moments associated with Diamagnetic behavior
are induced by the application of a magnetic field
B0
S

In addition, the orientation of the induced magnetic

moment will be such that the moments will be
repelled by the applied magnetic field

Diamagnetism

Many materials that at sufficiently

low temperatures become
superconductors, become perfect
diamagnets
Meissner Effect