Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principles of
the WCDMA System
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Huawei Confidential
Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile
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Objectives
After studying this course, you should be able to:
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Contents
Chapter 1
WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time
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Fading
Transmitted data
dB
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
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Fading
Rx power (dBm)
Fast fading
-20
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
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20
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Distance (m)
30
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Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
System
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Broadband
System
Transmit Signal
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Received Signal
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers
of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical.
Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
Disadvantage:
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n
Freque
cy
TDMA
Power
FDMA
Tim
e
n
ue
q
e
Fr
Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er
Power
Tim
e
eq
Fr
y
nc
e
u
cy
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Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
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Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Questions
Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-interference
performance?
Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?
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Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
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For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is
64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is
1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
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Source
coding
Channel
coding and
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF
transmission
Radio link
Source
decoding
Channel
deinterleaving
decoding and
de-interleaving
De-spreading
De-scrambling
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Demodulation
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RF
reception
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source
coding
Channel
coding
Interleaving
and
Spreading
interleaving
Scrambling
Modulation
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RF
transmission
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Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
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Modulation
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RF
transmission
Interleaving
Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact caused by fast fading
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
Ist interleaving
....
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
1
9
2
10
3
11
4
12
5
13
6
14
7
15
8
16
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
....
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{B5,C1}
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{B6,C2}
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{B7,C3}
Self-correlation function
Mutual-correlation function
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Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding and
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
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Modulation
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RF
transmission
De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.
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Spreading Principle
____________
UE1:
+1
-1
-1
+1
_____________
UE2:
c1:
+1 -1 +1 -1
+1 -1 +1 -1
c2:
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1:
+1 -1 +1 -1
-1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2:
-1 -1 -1 -1
+1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 UE2xc2:
-2 0
-2
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0 +2 0 +2
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De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
-2 0
-2
+2 0 +2
+1 -1 +1
-1
+1
-1 +1 -1
De-spreading result:
+2
-2 0
Integral:
Decision:
UE2 de-spreading with c2:
De-spreading result:
Integral:
Decision :
+2 0
+4
-4
+4/4 = +1
-4/4 = -1
-2
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
0
-2
-2
0 +2
0 +2
-4
+4
-4/4 = -1
+4/4 = +1
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SF = 2
SF = 4
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0 -2 0 -2
0 +2 0 +2
1 +2 0 +2
+1 -1 +1 +1
+1 -1 +1 -1
Result:
2 +2 0 +2
0 -2 0 -2
Integral:
+6
-4
Decision:
C2
+6/4 = 1.5
-4/4=-1
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 +1 +1 +1
Result:
2 -2 0 -2
0 +2 0 +2
Integral:
-2
+4
Decision:
-2/4=-0.5
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+4/4=1
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Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding and
Spreading
Scrambling
interleaving
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Modulation
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RF
transmission
Symbols
xx sps
3.84Mcps
3.84M
OVSF code
Scrambling
code
3.84Mcps
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Chips after
spreading
and
scrambling
One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other
half is different.
As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2 n-1, where n stands for
the length of the shift register.
When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other
cases, the function value is always -1.
Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are
distinguished by different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.
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Gold sequence
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a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
threshold
Gain
Interference
signals from
other users
Echip
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P(f)
P(f)
f
P (f)
Broadband signal
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination
f
Spreading code
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Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher
correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Contents
Chapter 1
WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2
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operation
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location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open
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GSM
Carrier spacing
5 MHz
200 KHz
1-18
1500 Hz
2 Hz or lower
QoS control
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Packet data
Timeslot-based scheduling
in GPRS
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Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system.
This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
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Thank You !
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