Professional Documents
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ETHNOGRAPHIES
Ethnographies
Speech
Varieties of Talk
!Kung:
ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEAKING
Communicative
Competence: the
ability to know how to use language
in order to do certain things that
people do with that language.
Communicative
competence is the
key component of social
competence.
Ethnography
of speaking: a
description of all the factors that are
relevant in understanding how that
particular communicative event
achieve its objective.
Dell Hymes (1974) made a formula
to identify the factors.
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
S Setting and Scene
: Setting refers to time and place (physical
circumstances) e.g.: living room
: Scene refers to psychological setting
(situation) or cultural definition of the
occasion.
e.g.: seriousness, happiness
P Participants
: Speaker and audience
e.g.: speaker-hearer, addressor-addressee,
sender-receiver.
S-P-E-A-K-I-NG
E Ends
: Purpose or goals of the utterances
or communication event.
A Act Sequence
: Form and order of the event.
Different forms will have a different
kinds of language and different
things to talk about.
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
K Key
: tone, manner in which a particular
message is conveyed.
Example: serious, sarcastic, mocking
know by the gesture, posture, etc
I Instrumentalities
: the choice of channel.
Channel: oral, written, telegraphic, and
actual forms of speech employed
language, dialect, code, register, that is
chosen.
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
N Norms of interaction and interpretation
: Social rules governing the event and
the participants' actions and reactions.
Example: loudness, silence
G Genre
: type or kind of utterances
e.g.: poems, proverbs, riddles, prayers,
lectures
S-P-E-A-K-I-NG
SPEAKING
formula is a very
necessary reminder that talk is a
complex activity.
To make the talk to be
successful, the speaker must
reveal the sensitivity and
awareness of each of the 8
factors.
Focus
->
existence.
phenomena
of
everyday
Such matters:
People
Solve
interact
problems
Routine
Maintain
contact
social
Show
activities
knowledge
Communicate
that knowledge
Sacks:
The baby cried. The mommy picked it
up.
Membership categorization
devices.
-> assign certain meanings to word
like baby and mommy.
To
Categories
Ethnomethodology adopt
phenomenological view of the
world.
> human interaction much in verbal
Scribner (1977)
Little or no formal education people ->
solve problem based on experience, no
logical thinking.
Each
What for?
Husban
d
Understanding
develops as the
conversation develops.
That
People
Ethnomethodology ?
People
Discussion
Varieties of Talk
Why
(choose
service in a restaurant
A bad day at the office
Strange behavior on the street
whats up with Fred today?