HVAC

What is HVAC ?
H- Heating
V-Ventilation
AC- Air
Conditioning
refers to technology of
indoor and automotive
environmental comfort.
It describes the process of treating air to control
simultaneously
its
temperature,
humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to meet the desired
requirements of the occupants of the conditioned
space.

Need of special HVAC planning for

hospitals

Few people Think that HVAC is all about

luxury,
BUT. needs of the
The environmental

facilities and spaces in a hospital

differ widely- A hospital has a
range of very specialized rooms,
and there are specialized IAQ
considerations for each type of
space
Infection control and epidemic
disease concerns are leading many
hospitals to provide 100 percent
outside
air
with
no
air
recirculation, coupled with heat
recovery technologies.
Hospital
air
change
rates
contribute to their enormous
energy consumption
In this era of expensive energy
and
concerns
about
carbon

The basic differences between

hospitals and other buildings

The need to restrict air movement in and between various areas,

Ventilation

and

filtration

to

dilute

and

remove

odors,

airborne

microorganisms, and hazardous chemical substances,

Many areas that require 100% outdoor air with specified air changes,

The need for different temperatures and humidy in areas for infection
control, patient therapy and comfort,

The

design

sophistication

environmental conditions.

needed

to

permit

accurate

control

of

Basics of HVAC Systems

Compressor
Condenser
Throttling
device
Evaporator
1 TR is the amount of heat to
be extracted from the
atmosphere for melting one
metric ton of ice in 24 hours
And
1 ton of refrigeration (TR)
equals to 12000 BTU/HR or
3025KCAL/HR

Classification of HVAC Systems

Window AC

Window AC

Split AC
In a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in an
outdoor unit. The indoor unit consists of evaporator coil, fan motor and
blower.
The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air
conditioning capacities up to 5 tons

DX Ducted Packaged AC

DX -Centralized AC
The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads
extend beyond 20 tons

DX -Centralized AC

Chilled Water -Centralized AC

Brime water- 2-10 % salt

HVAC design and Selection

Considerations and Parameters

COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATION
FACTORS OF HEAT GAIN
IMPORTANCE OF COOLING LOAD
CALCULATION

Cooling and Heating Load

Calculation
Cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat gain by the building in
summer so as to arrive at required cooling capacities. Similarly Heating load calculations
are carried out to estimate the cold gain by the building in winters so as to arrive at
required heating capacities.

Cooling and Heating Load

Calculation

The whole building cooling/Heating load is based on two types of

loads:
External load
Internal load
The load due to heat
transfer
through
the
envelope
is
called
as
external load, while all
other loads are called as
internal loads.

Factors of heat
gain
T1

Difference between outside

temperature and inside
temperature.
The type of construction and
the amount of insulation is in
your ceiling and walls.
The amount of shade in
buildings windows, walls, and
roof
The size of room
The amount of air leaks into
indoor space from the outside

T2

T1>T2

Factors of heat
gain

No. of occupants
Activities and other equipment
within a building
Amount of lighting in the room

IMPORTANCE OF
COOLING LOAD
CALCULATION
Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and
system design.
Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load
reduction. This could be done either changing the material to be used
in envelope or changing the orientation of some of the spaces or
materials present in the building
Permit analysis of part loads as required for system design,
operation & control
Information about the additional partial loads required for the system
design, operation and control also.

Factors Affecting the Selection

Budget Of Client

Need of client

Use of Space

Depth of Beam

Power Availability

Water Availability

Space for Servicing

Types Of Chillers

Air Cooled

Water Cooled

Chiller (Air Cooled)

Air cooled chillers absorb heat from process water,
and the heat is then transferred to the air around the
chiller unit. This type of chiller system is generally
used in applications where the additional heat
discharges is not a factor. In fact, its often practical to
use the excess heat to warm a plant during the winter,
thus
providing
additional
cost
savings.
Air cooled chillers require less maintenance than watercooled units, and they eliminate the need for a cooling
tower and condenser water pump. However, since a
wet surface will transfer heat better than a dry surface,
an air-cooled chiller will tend to consume
approximately 10% more power than a water-cooled
unit.

Chiller ( Water Cooled )

Water cooled chillers absorb heat from
process water and transfer it to a separate
water source such as a cooling tower, river,
pond, etc. Industrial water chillers are
generally used for large capacity applications,
where the heat generated by an air cooled
water chiller creates a problem. They are also
considered when a cooling tower is already in
place, or where the customer requires
optimum efficiency of power consumption.
Water cooled chillers require condenser water
treatment to eliminate mineral buildup.
Mineral deposits create poor heat transfer
situations, which reduce the efficiency of the
unit.

Air Cooled Chilled Water

System

Water Cooled Chilled Water

System

15- 20 years Life

20-30 years Life

Depend on Ambient DB temp

Depend on Ambient WB temp

Packaged kind System

Additional pumps

No cooling tower or may be a

cooling tower

Cooling Tower

Air Cooled Condensers consumes

30% more power than water
Cooled
Compressor capacity drops by 10%
for air cooled as compared to water
cooled
Air Cooled will always be a roof top
Unit

Water cooled may or may not be a

Roof top unit

Environment friendly refrigerants

R-134a
R-123
R-407C
R-410A
R-22