Industrial Ventilation

- A major control measure

8th Lecture
by
Muhammad Shahbaz Gulzar

Ventilation
The process of "changing or
replacing air in any space to
provide high quality indoor air
To:
Remove unpleasant smells and
moisture
Introduce outside air
Improve circulation, etc.
In firefighting, refers to a tactic
of creating a draft to control the
release of heat and smoke
PPT-040-01

The work environment.

The work environment in the textile mills is
dominatly harmful/ dangerarous due to noise,
dust, and heat. The production uses a vast
quantity of water and variety of chemicals.
These generate liquid waste containing
substantial pollutants in the form of organic and
suspended matter, such as fibres and grease.

Risk due to exposure to dust.

For short term exposure (acute), exposure to

cotton dust can produce a feeling of chest
tightness,
coughing,
wheezing,
phlegm,
weakness, fever, chills, and breathing difficult
(dyspnea). The symptoms can disappear
following removal from exposure (during brief
periods away from work) and can reappear
following expossure.

Chronic exposure has caused lung airway

obstraction (which reduce ventilatory capacity)
and lead to disability and premature death.

Operation and method of control of dust.

During carding operation, mixing and blowing
operations, bale breaking, manufacturing of
cotton yard, and handling of cotton seed in the
extractraction of cotton seed oil, the dust is
controlled through process enclosure, local
exhaust ventilation (LEV), personal protective
equipment.
During cotton balling operations and weaving of
textile containing cotton yarn, dust is controlled
through general dilution and ventilation.
During raw cotton ginning, back pressing and
harvesting dust is controlled through local
exhaust ventilation, personal protective
equipment.

Hazards of Poor or No Ventilation

Lack of oxygen (headache, fatigue, Asphyxiation, particularly
in confined spaces)
Excessive heat, cold, and humidity
Toxic fumes (e.g.- Lead, cadmium, zinc)
Toxic vapors (e.g.- Benzene)
Toxic gases (e.g.- Hydrogen Sulphide, ammonia)
Dusts (causing poisoning or gradually reduced lung capacity)
Fire/explosion
ISTAR, SPU VVN Anand

What Is Industrial Ventilation?

Environmental engineers view:
The design and application of equipment for
providing the necessary conditions for maintaining
the efficiency, health and safety of the workers.
Industrial hygienists view:
The control of emissions and
exposures.

the control of

Mechanical engineers view:

The control of the environment with air flow. This can
be achieved by replacement of contaminated air with
clean air
7

Why Industrial Ventilation?

To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work
area.
To control hazardous concentrations of toxic
materials in the air.
To remove any undesirable odors from a given area.
To control temperature and humidity.
To remove undesirable contaminants at their source
before they enter the work place air.

Types Of Industrial Ventilation Systems

1. Supply systems
To create a comfortable environment in the plant i.e. The
HVAC system
To replace air exhausted from the plant i.e. The replacement
system

2. Exhaust Systems
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne
contaminants from the work place air
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it
may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at
its source itself

What is the difference between Exhaust

and Supply systems?
An Exhaust ventilation system removes the
air and air borne contaminants from the
work place, whereas, the Supply system
adds air to work room to dilute contaminants
in the work place so as to lower the
contaminant concentrations.

10

Supply Systems
Components
Air inlet section
Filters
Heating and/or cooling equipment
Fan
Ducts
Register/grills for distributing the air within the work
space

11

Exhaust Systems
Types of exhaust systems:
General exhaust system
Local exhaust system

12

General Exhaust Systems

General (dilution) ventilation systems supply clean air
that mixes with the air in the workplace, diluting the
concentration of the contaminant.
General ventilation is not suitable to control exposure to
toxic substances because these systems actually spread
the contaminant throughout the workplace before
exhausting it.
Also, they require large amounts of air and may be costly
to operate during the winter because of additional heating.
General ventilation systems are used primarily to control
temperature and humidity, to remove odours, and
sometimes to remove traces of toxic substances and
microorganisms emitted from carpeting, furniture, and
people.

General Exhaust Systems

Application
Used for heat control in an area by introducing
large quantities of air in the area. The air may be
tempered and recycled.
Used for removal of contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor air with the
contaminant so that the average concentration is
reduced to a safe level.

Two Types
Natural Ventilation: uses wind.
Mechanical Ventilation: Uses fan
without duct)
14

(with or

General or Dilution Ventilation

1. Natural
Ventilation

2. Mechanical
Ventilation
Preferred if significant
health hazards exist

Zone of
Contaminant
Release
Discharge
Opening

Operators
Breathing Zone

Clean
Air
Supply

Direction of air flow must remove

contaminants from workers breathing zone

Recomm
ended
Practice
s

ISTAR, SPU VVN Anand

X
17

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the
contaminant as it is generated at the source itself.

Advantages:
More effective as compared to a general exhaust
system. Remove contaminant before it has a chance
to spread.
The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating
costs compared to the high flow rate required for a
general exhaust system.
The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air
cleaning

Components:

Hood
The duct system
Air cleaning device
Fan, which serves as an air moving device
18

Local Exhaust Ventilation

Exhaust
outlet

Ducting

Hood or exhaust
inlet

Fan and motor

Filter or purifying
system

Ducting

LOCAL EXHAUST
VENTILATION SYSTEM

Duct

Hoods

Air Cleaning
Device

Fan


Hoods - any point where air is drawn into the ventilation system to
capture or control contaminants.
The hood captures the contaminant by overcoming its momentum
and then drawing it into the system.
For large, heavy dust particles released at high speeds (e.g.,
grinding), the hood must be positioned in the path of the particles.

Ducts - the network of piping that connects the hoods and other
system components.
The duct work provides a pathway to carry the contaminant to the
air cleaning device. The velocity of air in the duct must be high
enough to prevent heavy particles from settling in the ducts.
The heavier the particle, the greater the velocity needed. Also,
there should be no obstructions or unnecessary bends and
constrictions. These canISTAR,
cause
excessive pressure drops.
SPU VVN Anand
21

Fan - air-moving device that provides the energy to draw air

and contaminants into the exhaust system & through the ducts
and other components.
Air Cleaner - a device to remove airborne materials that may
be needed before the exhaust air is discharged into the
community environment.
The air cleaning device removes contaminants from
the air stream before it is passed to the fan and
expelled to the atmosphere or recycled to the work
area.
There are two types of air cleaning devices: air filters and dust
collectors.
Air filters are designed to remove low dust concentrations of the
magnitude found in atmospheric air. Dust collectors are designed
for the heavier concentrations that are generated by industrial
processes.

Local exhaust ventilation hoods:

Capture mobile

The three basic types of LEV hood

Enclosing (Contain and separate)

Receiving (Receive, contain & empty)

Capturing (Capture)

LEV hood classification expanded

Enclosures

Full

Partial, large

Receiving

Hot

Capturing

Partial, small

Room

Capturing Hoods
The process,
source and
contaminant
cloud are outside
the hood

Hood has to generate sufficient

airflow at and around the source
to capture and draw in the
contaminant-laden air

Calculation of rate of ventilation air flow

Q = H/(60 * CP * * t) = H/1.08 * t
Where
H = Heat removed in Btu/hr
t = indoor outdoor temperature difference(oF)
CP = 0.245 Btu/lb/ oF
= 0.075 lb/ft3
27

Application Of Industrial
Ventilation Systems
Optimization of energy costs.
Reduction of occupational health disease claims.
Control of contaminants to acceptable levels.
Control of heat and humidity for comfort.
Prevention of fires and explosions.

28