MENGUBAH PERILAKU

UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
KESEHATAN
Paul Bennett, Mark Conner and Gaston Godin
Dalam Health Psychology in Practice (2004)
Edited by Susan Michie and Charles Abraham
Victoria: Blackwell publishing ltd

DUA PENDEKATAN

PENDEKATAN PERILAKU
Operant conditioning
Clasical conditioning

PENDEKATAN KOGNITIF
Social learning theory
Self management theory

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Based on Skinnerian psychology (e.g.

Skinner, 1953),
Skinners basic
premise was that behaviour that is rewarded

(reinforced) will increase in frequency or be

repeated; that which is not rewarded or
punished will decrease in frequency or not
be repeated

CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING

Pavlovian psychology (e.g., Pavlov,1927)

Dasar pendekatan ini adalah bahwa suatu
stimulus netral yang disajikan pada waktu
yang sama dengan stimulus yang
menimbulkan tanggapan fisiologis atau
emosional dapat menjadi berhubungan.
Kemudian pada gilirannya akan
menimbulkan suatu kondisi responsif
serupa.
Alat operasi, dokter gigi, alat suntik

COVERT CONDITIONING

A technique developed from both classical

conditioning and operant principlesis
known as covert sensitization.
The approach is based, in part, on more
recent developments of operant theory
developed by Bandura (1977) which
acknowledges the role of cognitions as
mediators between behaviour and
external factors.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

(BANDURA 1977, 1986)

suggested that both skills and personal

efficacy necessary for behavioural
change can be gained or increased
through a number of simple procedures,
including observation of others
performing relevant tasks, practice of
tasks in a graded programme of skills
development, and active persuasion

Lanjutan.

The effectiveness of learning is

increased by observing people similar to
the learner and by observing them cope
with, rather than master the behaviour or
skill

Self-management Training
(Lorig, 1996).

This aims to teach people how to

manage their illness in a way that
maximizes control over their
symptoms and maximizes their
quality

COGNITIVE THERAPY
Beck (1977) and Ellis (1977)

the fundamental determinant of mood, behaviour

and our physiological state is our cognitive response
to events that impact on us
Negative emotions:
Catastrophic thinking: mempertimbangkan suatu peristiwa

sebagai hal yang negatif dan yang berpotensi celaka

Over-generalization: menggambarkan hal negatif dari
kesimpulan atas dasar peristiwa tunggal
Arbitrary inference: menggambarkan suatu kesimpulan
tanpa data yang cukup
Selective abstraction: memfokuskan pada detail yang
diambil keluar dari konteks

Cognitive Therapy

Self talk
Self instruction
Cognitive behaviour terapy

TEORI KEMATIAN (Kubler-Ross)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Shock & Denial

Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance