TPS-I

EXPANSION
2 X 210 MW
Units

GENERATOR
EXCITATION
SYSTEM

Generation of Electrical
Energy

Gen. Breaker
GRI
D

TURBINE

GENERATO
R

The electrical machine which converts

mechanical energy into electrical
energy which is an alternating current
(AC) in nature is called as AC generator
or Alternator.

Michael Faraday Law

A Voltage potential could be induced
by passing a conductive material
through a flux field. This principle is
termed as Electromagnetic induction.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

As per Faradays Law of Electromagnetic

induction, the synchronous generator should
have the following three essential
constructional requirements.
1. System of conductor or coils
2. Field System
3. Relative motion between the two system

Types of construction of
Synchronous Generator
There are two ways in which the
synchronous generator can be constructed.
1. Keeping the field system stationary and
allowing the system of conductors to rotate
2. Keeping the system of conductors
stationary and allowing the field system to
rotate

Advantages of Rotating Field system

1. The field system requires about 2% of the power
capacity of the machine. Therefore this small
amount of power can be easily supplied to the
rotating field system via slip rings and brushes.
2. If the conductors are stationary, it is easier to
provide necessary insulation proportional to the
Voltage rating.

Advantages of Rotating Field system

3. Insulation to stationary system of conductors is
not subjected to mechanical stress due to
centrifugal action
4. It is easy to provide necessary cooling
arrangement for a stationary system of conductors.
5. Firm stationary connection between external
circuit and system of conductors enable the
machine to handle large amounts of electrical
energy.

Three Phase Generator

Armature winding

Armature structure
or Stator

c
Field winding

c
Field structure
or Rotor

When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the magnetic flux,
hence they have induced EMF produced in them. Because the magnetic poles
are alternatively N and S, they induce an EMF and hence current in armature
conductors which first flow in one direction and then into other. Hence an
alternating EMF is produced in the stator conductors whose frequency depends
on the number of N & S pole.

Excitation System
It is a system which supplies
the field current to the rotor
winding of a synchronous
machine.
Stator

Excitati
on
system
Roto
r

Types of Excitation System

Excitation of alternators may be executed
through two main systems.
1. Rotating excitation uses rotating system
to feed excitation
2. Static excitation uses static rectifiers
to feed excitation

Excitation with standby alternators

Grid
Gen. Br.
Standb
y
Alternat
or

PMG

Main
Alternator

DC
Rectifie
r

A
C

D
C

Excitation
system

A
C

Brushless Excitation
Grid

Gen. Br.

Main
Alternator

Standb
y
Alternat
or
DC

AC

PMG

Rectifie
r

D
C

Excitation
system

A
C

Static Excitation System

Grid

Gen. Br.

DC

Excitati
on
system
AC

Alternator

The system is STATIC because the

machine field gets power from an electrical
source without moving parts and use static
Thyristors to supply the direct current.

Advantages of Static Excitation compared to

Rotating Excitation
1. Performance is higher.
2. Lesser maintenance problems due to lack of
mechanical movement.
3. Higher reliability.
4. Precision control of system is possible.

Grid

Main Parts of Static

Excitation System

Gen Bkr.

Control
Ex. Tr.
AC
Supply

Power

Gen

Rotor

Static Excitation system consists of three main

parts:
1) Power Section : The power section supplies the
excitation

current to the rotor windings of the

synchronous machine.
2) Control Section : The control section guarantees the
remarkable electric quantities control and protection.

POWER SECTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

3 Phase
AC
Supply

Fuse

R+

S+

T+

Field
Breaker

S
T

Isolating
Switch

R-

S-

Power section consists

of
Incoming isolating switch
Fuses
Thyristor Bridge or IGBT

T-

DC
Output

De-Energyzation system
Field Breaker

Power
Converter

Rotor
Discharge
Resistor

~
Gen

Merits of Static De-energyzation system

For the energy stored in the inductive load,
De-energyzation system provides a rapid
discharge of the static type instead of electromechanical type.
Helps to discharge the overvoltage caused due
to opening on alternating circuit side.
Static De-energyzation provides a path for
circulation of reverse current that will be
produced during asynchronous operation.

Control section
The Control system keeps the Generator
output voltage constant by controlling the field
energy supplied to the rotor.
IExe VExe
Increase
Decrease

Gen. Voltage
Feedback

Reference
Value
Generator
Actual
Value
Generator

Comparator

+
-

Error
Signal

PID
Controller

Limiters

Control
Voltage

Firing Pulse
Generator

TYPES OF CONTROL SECTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

Three types of control sections are

available

Single Control Channel

and single Power

Control

Converter.
Double Control Channel
and single Power
Converter.

Double Control Channel

and Double Power
Converter

Control - 1
Control - 2

Control - 1
Control - 2

Excitation Transformer
It is a cast resin dry type transformer.
It is directly connected to the generator
terminals and feeding power to the field of
the machine via thyristor converter.
It is natural air cooled transformer.
It is having Short circuit proof and high
overload capacity.
The transformer is moisture proof.

Excitation Transformer
Because of moisture proof, the transformer
can be directly switched on without
predrying the same after long interruption
from service.
The transformer is maintenance free.
The transformer has been provided with
instantaneous overcurrent protection and
delayed overcurrent protection.
The transformer has been provided with
over temperature protection.

EXCITATION SYSTEM
Bus
AVR-1

GB

AC
Ex. Tr.

AVR
Pulse
Generator

Thy.
Bridge-1

Field
Breaker
DC

Gen

Manual

~
Field
Flashing

Rotor

AVR-2
AVR
Pulse
Generator

Manual

Thy.
Bridge-2

Rectifier

AC

Functions of Excitation system

In addition to holding terminal voltage of a
Generator constant, excitation system has to
contribute the following functions also
Maintenance of stable operation of machine under
steady state, transient and dynamic conditions.
Satisfactory operation with other machines
connected in parallel.
Effective utilization of machine capabilities
without exceeding machine operating limits.

LIMITERS
The Limiters incorporated in the Excitation
system are
1. Maximum Excitation current Limiter.
2. Minimum Excitation current Limiter.
3. Rotor Angle Limiter.
4. Maximum stator current Limiter.

Protections in
System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Excitation

Over Excitation protection.

Over Voltage protection.
Unbalanced current protection.
AVR Failure.
Thyristor Bridge cooling failure.

Other Important features of

Excitation system
1. AVR Follow-up:
When AVR-1 is in service, AVR-2 will follow AVR1.
When AVR-2 is in service, AVR-1 will follow AVR2. Anytime, AVR can be changed without any
disturbance in the system.

2. PLC ( Programmable Logic

Control):
All the Logics in Excitation system are controlled
by PLC. Hence monitoring, diagnosis of fault and
modifications are easier.

Panel Arrangement of Excitation

System

Control
Panel

Display

Fan - 1

Fan - 2

Power
Converter - 1

Power
Converter - 2

Field
Breaker

MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Temperature of Excitation room:
-40 degree C to 40 degree c
2. Moisture and Humidity
3. Dust and dirt

Technical Specification of Excitation

System:
Nominal Excitation Voltage
: 346
Volts.
Nominal Excitation Current
: 2725
Amps.
No-Load Excitation Current
: 1005
Amps.
AVR Accuracy
: 0.2%
AVR Response Time
: <50 msec.
Range of Automatic Voltage Regulation
: 85%
to 110%
Range of Manual mode Regulation
: 30%
to 110%

Generator Details:
Power

: 283 MVA.

Synchronization
The process of connecting an Alternator to
the Grid or common supply bus-bars is called as
Synchronizing. The following three conditions
are to be satisfied for synchronizing.
1. The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming
Alternator must be equal to the bus-bar voltage
magnitude.
2. The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator
voltage must be equal to the bus-bar voltage
phase sequence.
3. The frequency of the incoming Alternator
voltage must be same as the frequency of bus-bar
voltage.

Synchronization
The first condition can be satisfied by adjusting
the field current supplied by the excitation system.
This can be checked in the Double voltmeter.
The second condition gets satisfied if the
connections of the terminals of the alternator are
correct. This can be checked by Phase sequence
meter.
The third condition can be satisfied by adjusting
the speed of the prime mover. This can be checked
in the synchroscope.

T
H
A
N
K
Y
O
U