Professional Documents
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CORPORATE FINANCE
Laurence Booth W. Sean Cleary
Prepared by
Ken Hartviksen
CHAPTER 1
An Introduction to Finance
Lecture Agenda
Learning Objectives
Important Terms
Finance Defined
Real versus Financial Assets
The Financial System
Financial Instruments and Markets
The Global Financial Community
Summary and Conclusions
Concept Review Questions
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Learning Objectives
1. What finance is and what is involved in the study of
finance.
2. How financial securities can be used to provide
financing for borrowers and simultaneously to provide
investment opportunities for lenders.
3. How financial systems work in general.
4. The channels of intermediation and the role played by
market and financial intermediaries within this system.
5. The basic types of financial instruments that are
available and how they are traded.
6. The importance of the global financial system.
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Key Terms
Bourse de Montral
brokers
Canadian Trading and Quotation System Inc. (CNQ)
capital market securities
common share
corporate finance
Crown corporations
dealer or over-the-counter (OTC) markets
debt instruments
equity instruments
exchanges or auction markets
finance
financial assets
financial intermediaries
fourth market
intermediation
investments
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Key Terms
market capitalization
market intermediary
marketable financial assets
money market securities
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
non-marketable financial assets
Ontario Securities Commission
preferred shares
primary markets
real assets
secondary markets
third market
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)
TSX Group Inc.
TSX Markets
TSX Venture Exchange
Winnipeg Commodity Exchange
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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What Is Finance?
Finance is the study of how and under
what terms savings (money) are allocated
between lenders and borrowers.
Finance is distinct from economics in that it
addresses not only how resources are allocated but
also under what terms and through what channels
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Securities
Corporate law
Financial institutions and markets
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Channels of Intermediation
FIGURE 1-3
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Financial Intermediaries
Canadian Chartered Banks
Banks take deposits from numerous depositors from across
Canada
The deposits are pooled in the Bank
The bank takes these pooled funds and lends them out to
households and businesses in the form of mortgages and loans
The bank transforms the original nature of the savers (depositors)
money:
Deposits are usually small in amountface little or no risk, and depositors
expect to withdraw the amount at any time
Loans and mortgages on the other hand usually have the following
characteristics:
Large sums
Borrowed for long periods of time
Borrowed for risky purposes.
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Financial Intermediaries
Canadian Chartered Banks
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Financial Intermediaries
Insurance Companies
Insurers sell policies and collect premiums from customers
based on the pricing of those policies given the probability of a
claim and the size the policy and administrative fees.
They invest the premiums so that the accumulated value in the
future will grow to meet the anticipated claims of the
policyholders.
In this way, unsupportable risks (such as the death of wage
earner or the burning down of a business) are shared among a
large number of policyholders through the insurance company.
Insurance allows households, business and government to
engage in risky activities without having to bear the entire risk of
loss themselves.
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Financial Intermediaries
Insurance Companies
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Financial Intermediaries
Pension Plan Assets
Individuals and employers make payments over the
entire working life of a person with those funds
invested to grow over time.
Ultimately, the accumulated value in the pension can
be used by the person in retirement.
Pension plans accumulate considerable sums of
money, and their managers invest those funds with
long-term investment time horizons in diversified
portfolios of investments. These investments are a
major source of capital, fuelling investment in research
and development, capital equipment, resource
exploration and ultimately contributing in a substantial
way to growth in the economy.
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Financial Intermediaries
Pension Plan Assets
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Financial Intermediaries
Canadian Mutual Fund Assets
Mutual funds give small investors access to
diversified, professionally-managed portfolios of
securities.
Small investors often do not have the funds
necessary to invest directly into market-traded
stocks and bonds.
This is called denomination intermediation because
the mutual fund makes investments available in
smaller, more affordable amounts of money.
Canadian indirect investment in the markets
through managed products such as mutual funds
and segregated funds has grown exponentially.
(see Figure 1-4 on the next slide)
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Financial Intermediaries
Canadian Mutual Fund Assets
FIGURE 1-4
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Public Debt
Governments
Federal
Provincial
Municipal
Crown Corporations
Private Debt
Households
Non-financial Corporations
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Financial Instruments
There are two major categories of
financial securities:
1. Debt Instruments
Commercial paper
Bankers acceptances
Treasury bills
Mortgage loans
Bonds
Debentures
2. Equity Instruments
Common stock
Preferred stock
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Financial Instruments
Non-marketable
Characteristics of non-marketable
securities
Cannot be traded between or among investors
May be redeemable (a reverse transaction
between the borrower and the lender)
Examples:
Savings accounts
Term Deposits
Guaranteed Investment Certificates
Canada Savings Bonds
CHAPTER 1 - An Introduction to Finance
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Financial Instruments
Marketable
Market Capitalization
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Financial Instruments
Marketable
Markets can be categorized by the time to maturity:
Bonds
Debentures
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
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Financial Markets
Primary Market
Markets that involve the issue of new securities by the
borrower in return for cash from investors (Capital
formation occurs)
Secondary Market
Markets that involve buyers and sellers of existing
securities. Funds flow from buyer to seller. Seller
becomes the new owner of the security. (No capital
formation occurs)
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Financial Markets
Types of Secondary Markets
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Financial Markets
Other Markets
Third Market
Trading of securities that are listed on organized exchanges
in the Over-the-counter market
Fourth Market
Trading of securities directly between investors (usually
between two large institutions) without the involvement of
brokers or dealers.
Operates through the use of privately owned automated
systems such as Instinet
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Summary
In this chapter you have learned about:
Financial systems in general, and the Canadian
financial system in particular
Major participants in the Canadian financial system,
including the different types of financial securities and
financial markets
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Internet Links
BMO InvestorLine: www.bmoinvestorline.com
Investment Funds Institute of Canada: www.ific.ca
Globe and Mail Report on Business:
www.theglobeandmail.com
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX): http://www.tsx.com/
Canadian Trading and Quotation System Inc.:
http://www.cnq.ca/
Ontario Securities Commission:
http://www.osc.gov.on.ca/index.jsp
Winnipeg Commodity Exchange: http://www.wce.ca/
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Euronext:
http://www.nyse.com/
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Copyright
Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Access Copyright (the Canadian copyright licensing
agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be
addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons
Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or
her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author
and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions,
or damages caused by the use of these files or programs or from
the use of the information contained herein.
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