Lev Semionovich Vygotsky was a

Russian psychologist who was also a

contemporary of Piaget.
Where Piagets theory focused on
constructivism,
Vygotskys
theory was
focused
on Social
Vygotskys theory
not widely
read
constructivism.
until 1970s.
His theory is now is a powerful source in
the
Vygotsky's work is based on two
development
of psychology.
key ideas.
First, he proposed that intellectual
development can be understood only in
terms of the historical and cultural
contexts children experience.

Second, he believed that development

depends on the sign systems that
individuals grow up with: the symbols
that cultures create to help people think,
communicate,
and solve problems.
For example, a culture's language, writing
system, or counting system.

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky proposed

that
cognitive development is strongly
linked to input from others.
But like Piaget, Vygotsky also believed
that the acquisition of sign systems occur
in an invariant sequence of steps that is
the same for all children.

How Development Occurs?

In Piagets theory, we get the idea that
development precedes learning. In
Vygotskys theory the idea is just the
opposite
is learning
precedes
Accordingwhich
to Vygotsky,
learning
involves the
development.
acquisition of signs by means of instruction
and information from others.

Childs development requires the ability of

internalizing these signs so as to be able to
think and solve problems without the help of
others. This ability is called self-regulation
which has three steps.

The first step in the development of selfregulation and independent thinking is

learning that actions and sounds have a
meaning.
For example, a baby learns that the process of
reaching towards an object is interpreted by
others as a signal that the infant wants the
object. In the case of language acquisition,
children learn to associate certain sounds with
meaning.
The second step in developing internal

The second step in developing internal

structures and self-regulation involves
practice. The infant practices gestures that
will get attention. The preschooler will
enter into conversations with others to
master language.

The third or final step

involves using signs to think
and solve problems without
the help of others. At this
point, children become selfregulating, and the sign
system
has
become
internalized.

Mechanism for Cognitive

Development
Private

Private
Speech:
It is a mechanism where Vygotsky
emphasized how children turn shared
knowledge into personal knowledge.
More specifically, children incorporate the
speech of others and then use that
speech to help themselves in solving
problems.
At certain age, private speech becomes
silent but still very much important.
Studies have found that children who make
extensive use of private speech learn
complex task more effectively than do
other children.

The Zone of Proximal

Development:
Vygotskys theory implies
that
cognitive
development
and
the
ability to use thought to
control our own actions
requireFirst, mastering cultural
communication systems
and then learning to use
these
systems
to regulate
He believed
that
learning takes place
our
own are thought
when children
working within their
processes.
zone of proximal development.

With
the
assistance
of
more
competent peers or adults, child can
do tasks in the zone of proximal
development which is not possible
when alone.
Some educators refer to a "teachable
moment" when a child or group of
children is exactly at the point of
readiness for a given concept.

Scaffoldi
ng:
The idea of scaffolding derived

The idea of scaffolding derived

from Vygotsky's notion of social
learning which refers to the
assistance provided by more
competent
peers or adults.
Typically, scaffolding
means
providing a child with a great
deal of support during the
early stages of learning and
then diminishing support and
having the child take on
increasing responsibility as
soon as she or he is able.

For example, Parents use scaffolding when

they teach their children to play a new
game or to tie their shoes.
Cognitive apprenticeship, a related
concept to scaffolding describes the
entire process of modeling, coaching,
scaffolding, and evaluation that is
typically seen whenever one-to-one
instruction takes place.

Cooperative
Learning:
Children work together to help one

Children work together to help one

another learn.
Cooperative learning makes childs
inner speech available to one another.
In other words, children share their
inner speech in themselves to
facilitate one another.
While sharing inner speech, they can
gain insight
of one another's reasoning process.

Applications of Vygotskian Theory

in Teaching
Vygotsky's theories of education have two
major implications.

1.The desirability of setting up cooperative

learning arrangements among groups of
students with differing levels of ability.
2. Vygotskian approach to instruction
emphasizes
scaffolding, with students taking more and
more
responsibility for their own learning.

THANK YOU
ALL