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fiber transmission
Eric Tell 050329
Outline
Simulation/experimental results
Summary
Fiber non-linearities
Chromatic dispersion
Distance limit ~1/(bit rate)
Example: Single mode fiber @1550nm
chromatic dispersion: 17ps/km-nm
dispersion limited distance: ~100km @10Gbit/s
comparable to loss limit
WDM (cont'd)
In a high capacity link the whole EDFA
spectrum is filled with subchannels
The bandwidth of each subchannel is
proportional to its bit rate
Total fiber capacity is given by the spectral
efficency: (bitrate per channel)/(channel
spacing)
WDM (cont'd)
In a practical case using NRZ a spectral
efficiency of 40% can be reached
WDM (cont'd
More GB/s per channel does not increase
total bandwith, however
It results in fewer channels to manage
Increased channel spacing decreases
some non-linear distortions
BUT to reach higher spectral efficiency a
format with narrower spectrum for a given
bandwidth is needed (while at the same
time not increasing other impairments)
Component imperfections
Modulators are nonlinear
difficult to achieve pure AM
Optical Modulators
Direct modulation
directly modulate the drive current of a semiconductor
laser
Absorbtion modulation
Modulate the absorption spectrum of reverse-biased
diod placed in front of the laser
Faster and more linear than direct modulation (60 GHz)
The MZ modulator
waveguide
contacts
V1(t)
LiNbO3
Ein/2
Ein
Eout
Ein/2
V2(t)
Eout
Ein j1 (t )
Ein jv1 ( t ) / V
j 2 ( t )
e
e
e
e jv2 ( t ) / V
2
2
Eout (t ) 1 jv1 ( t ) / V
(v1 (t ), v2 (t ))
e
e jv2 ( t ) / V
Ein
2
(v1 (t ), v2 (t )) cos(
(v1 (t ) v2 (t )) e j ( v1 ( t ) v2 ( t )) / 2V
2V
Amplitude modulation
v1 (t ))
V
MZ modulator biasing
v2 (t ) Vdc v1 (t )
Vdc V / 2
v1 (t ) 1
(a (t ),V / 2) cos
1 v1 (t )
4
V
2
V
Bias at extinction:
Vdc V
v1 (t ) 1
(a (t ),V ) cos
sin
v1 (t ) v1 (t )
2
V
V
MZ modulators - observations
These modulators are only linear in a small
region
A problem for other than RZ/NRZ signaling
M-ASK
Less bandwidth
level bandwidt More power needed for a given BER
s
h
non-linearities become limiting in
long-haul DWDM systems
2
B
More complicated (analog and
4
B/2
digital) electrical circuits
8
B/3
Possibly useful in multi-mode
16
B/4
dispersion limited systems e.g. 10
Gbit/s Ethernet
32
B/5
64
B/6
Duo-binary signaling
Introduce correlation between consecutive
symbols
A special case of partial response signaling:
Duo-binary signaling
Add consecutive
symbols => three
signal levels
-1,1,1,-1
-2,0,2,0
MZ modulator
AM-PSK Duo-binary
Problem: Normally impractical to handle
three levels
Solution: Use 0,E,-E
The detector will detect two levels 0 and E
By precoding these two levels will correspond to
0 and 1
a.k.a Amplitude Modulated Phase Shift Keying
(AM-PSK) duo-binary signaling
0,0,1,0,1
1
1,1,0,1,0
xor
Precoder
map
1,-1,-1,1,1
0,1,1,0,0
0,0,-2,0,2
0,0,-E,0,E
MZ modulator
biased at extinction
0,0,E2,0,E2
|x|2
Photo detector
(fiber)
Subcarrier OSSB
In conventional subcarrier modulation the
subcarrier appears on both sides of the
optical carrier
Dispersion causes a phase shift between the
two signals, which depends on the distance
At certain points the entire signal is canceled
out!
Hartley modulator
SSB signal:
Baseband signal:
sSSB (t ) as (t ) ja (t )
Hilbert
transform
a(t)
Optical carrier
g (t ) a (t )e ja ( t )
MZ
Amplitude
modulator
(t)
Phase
modulator
OSSB signal
Duo-binary
Needs extra filtering
Optical dispersion
compensation could be
an alternative
225 km @10Gbit/s
1550 nm has been
reached
DWDM
Normal NRZ
40% spectral efficiency over 150 km
Duo-binary AM-PSK
100% over 100 km
OSSB
66% over 300 km
Summary
Distance between repeaters is limited by
either of
Fiber loss
Chromatic dispersion
Fiber non-linearities
Summary (contd)
We want to limit the bandwidth in order too
Reduce the effects of chromatic dispersion
Reach higher spectral efficiency in DWDM systems