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Figure 2
A Second order Low pass active filter (sallen-key) circuit is shown in Figure
2. The Sallen- Key filter is a very popular active filter which can be used to
create 2nd order filter stages that can be cascaded together to form larger
order filters. The op-amp provides buffering between filter stages, so that
each stage can be designed independently of the others. These circuits are
suitable for filters which have complex conjugate poles.
Objective
1. To test the condition where the Second Order Low Pass
active filter filter will exhibit Butterworth filtering
characteristics.
2. To determine the values of the components that allow the
cutoff frequency of the Second Order Low Pass active filter
filter to be set approximately at 7kHz.
TheButterworth filteris a type ofsignal processing filterdesigned
to have as flat afrequency responseas possible in thepass band.
It is also referred to as amaximally flat magnitude filter. The
sharpness of the transition from stop band to pass band can be
controlled to some degree during the design of thelow-passfilter.
Theoretically
the quality factor, or commonly known as
Q factor determines the Butterworth filtering
characteristics and affects the frequency response
graph of the Low pass active filters,
Based on the Transfer function derivation of the
Second order Low pass active filter (sallen-key) circuit :
So, by Letting
We get,
Q=
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Vcc
=10nF
Vcc+
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
and
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Vcc
Vcc+
=20nF
flatness
1000
10000
100000
1000000
, and
,
These frequency response graphs
shows that the maximum flatness and
the peaking occurs when
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Vcc
Vcc+
=30nF
3.00
0.00
-3.00100
-6.00
-9.00
-12.00
-15.00
-18.00
-21.00
-24.00
-27.00
-30.00
-33.00
-36.00
-39.00
-42.00
1000
10000
100000
1000000
, and
get ,
= ,
= ,
= ,
=
= 22.97nF
, Because of capacitor
So
value limitation in the
market we chose 20nF
capacitor value to act as
which is almost but not
completely same as
22.97nF to allow the
cutoff frequency to be set
approximately at 7kHz.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Vcc
Vcc+
=20nF
7.4 kHz
1000
10000
100000
1000000
7.5 kHz
fc
=
=
=
= 7502.64
=7.503kHz (actual frequency value from theoretical
equation)
Discrepancy of Frequency
= 100 %
= 1.4 %
Conclusion
1.In order to implement Butterworth Filter, the
resistance and capacitance must be precise and
interrelated to the derived equation to approximate
the cutoff frequency to 7kHz.
Objective
1. To determine the respond of the circuit towards a
square wave of below 1 kHz.
2. To theoretically determine how the circuit can be
utilized as a time delay circuit.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
Vcc
Vcc+
=10nF
Conclusion
1. From the frequency response graph that we got,
it had proved that the circuit has the characteristics
of a time delay occurrence between input voltage
and output voltage.