THERMAL

ANALYSIS OF
SHELL AND TUBE
HEAT EXCHANGER
Prepared By:
Guided By:
Khalasi Bharat K.
Dr. Prabhakaran Sir

Contents:

HEAT EXCHANGER
Types Of Heat Exchangers
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Thermal Analysis
Example
References

HEAT EXCHANGER:

A heat exchanger is a device that is used

to transfer thermal energy between
two or more fluids,
a solid surface and a fluid,
solid particulates and a fluid

Typical applications involve heating or

cooling of a fluid stream of concern and
evaporation or condensation of single- or
multicomponent fluid streams.

Types Of Heat Exchangers

Double-pipe heat exchanger

Shell and tube heat exchanger
Plate and frame heat exchanger
Spiral heat exchanger
Pipe coil exchanger
Air-cooled heat exchangers

Heat Exchanger Types

Concentric-Tube Heat Exchangers

Parallel Flow

Counterflow

 Cross-flow Heat Exchangers

Finned-Both Fluids
Unmixed

Unfinned-One Fluid Mixed

the Other Unmixed

Compact Heat Exchangers

Achieve large heat rates per unit volume

Large heat transfer surface areas per unit volume, small
flow passages, and laminar flow.

Shell and Tube Heat

Exchangers

The shell and tube heat exchanger is the

most common style found in industry.
As the tube-side flow enters the exchanger,
flow is directed into tubes that run parallel
to each other. these tubes run through a
shell that has a fluid passing through it.
Heat energy is transferred through the tube
wall into the cooler fluid.
Heat transfer occurs primarily through
conduction and convection.

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers:

One Shell Pass and One Tube Pass

Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce

turbulent mixing of the shell-side fluid.

One Shell Pass,

Two Tube Passes

Two Shell Passes,

Four Tube Passes

Main
Parts:

1.Connections
2.Tube Sheets
3.Gaskets
4.Head
5.Mounting
6.Baffles
7. Shell
8.Tube bundle

The Thermal Analysis:

The fundamental equations for heat transfer across a surface are
given by:
Q = U A Tlm
= w Cp(t) (t2 t1)
= W Cp(s) (T1 T2) or W L
Where Q = heat transferred per unit time (kJ/h, Btu/h)
U = the overall heat transfer coefficient (kJ/h-m2 oC, Btu/hft2-F)
A = heat-transfer area (m2, ft2)
tlm = log mean temperature difference (oC, F)
Cp(t) = liquid specific heat tube side,
Cp(s) = liquid specific heat shell side (kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-F)
w = tube side flow
W = shell side flow (kg/h, lb/h)
The log mean temperature difference Tlm (LMTD) for counter current
flow is given by:

A correction factor is applied to the LMTD to allow for the

departure from true counter current flow to determine the true
temperature difference.
Tm = Ft Tlm

The correction factor is a function of the fluid temperatures

and the number of tube and shell passes and
Correlated as a function of two dimensionless temperature
ratios

The correction factor Ft for a 1-2 heat exchanger

which has 1 shell pass and 2 or more even
number of tube passes is given by:

The overall heat transfer coefficient U is the sum

of several individual resistances as follows:

The combined fouling coefficient hf can

be defined as follows:

Area of Flow:

Shell side cross flow area aS is

given by

Spacing Required:

Spacing does not normally exceed the shell

diameter
Maximum spacing is given
by:

Shell side Film Coefficient Methods for

Single Component Condensation in
Laminar Flow:

Horizontal condenser sub coolers are less adaptable to

rigorous calculation
But give considerably higher overall clean coefficients than
vertical condenser sub coolers which have the advantage of
well defined
zones.
The
Nusselt
Method:

The mean heat transfer coefficient for horizontal

condensation outside a single tube is given by the
relationship developed by Nusselt.
This correlation takes no account of the influence of
vapour flow which, in addition to the effect of vapour
shear, acts to redistribute the condensate liquid within a
tube bundle.

The Kern Method:

Kern adapted the Nusselt equation to allow

evaluation of fluid conditions at the film temperature

For horizontal tube surfaces from 0 to 180 the

above equation can be further developed to give

McAdam extended the Kern equation to allow for

condensate film and splashing affects.
The loading per tube is taken to be inversely
proportional to the number tubes to the power of
0.667.

This equation requires the film to be in

streamline flow
Reynolds Numbers in range 1800 to 2100

Example:
Problem :

Design of a two-pass, shell-and-tube heat exchanger

to supply vapour for the turbine of an ocean
thermal energy conversion system based on a
standard (Rankine) power cycle. The power cycle is
to generate 2 MW at an efficiency of 3%. Ocean
water enters the tubes of the exchanger at 300K,
and its desired outlet temperature is 292K. The
working fluid of the power cycle is evaporated in
the tubes of the exchanger at its phase change
temperature of 290K, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is known.

REFERANCES:
1. Design And Rating Shell And Tube Heat
Exchangers , By John E. Edwards
2. Engineering Data Book, By Professor
John R. Thome
3. www.pidesign.co.uk
4. en.wikipedia.org

THANK YOU

Any Question ?