CSC 159- COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 1B

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Fundamental building blocks

Logic Gates
Counters
Registers
PLA

2. Boolean Algebra

AND
OR
NOT
XOR

3. Register transfer notation

Introduction

Computers are built up from integrated circuits,

each with its own purpose.

Integrated circuit are made up of transistors,

resistors, capacitors and other electronic
components that are combined into circuits.

In computer, these transistors switches are

combined to form logic gates, which represent
values in Boolean algebra.

Combinatorial logic the results of an operation

depend only on the present input.

Logic Gates
The fundamental
building block of all
digital logic circuits is
the gate

The logic gates

operate with binary
numbers, hence, it is
known as Binary
Logic Gates.

Logical functions are

implemented by the
interconnection of
gates

Definition: Gates is a block of hardware that produce a logic 1 or logic 0

output signal; if input logic requirements are satisfied

3 WAYS TO REPRESENT LOGIC

Truth Table

BASIC GATES

Logic
Circuit
Diagram

AND
OR
NOT
XOR
NAND
NOR

Boolean
Expression

COUNTER
In a counter, the sequence of states may follow a binary count
or any other sequence of states

Almost found in all equipment containing digital logic

used for counting the number of occurrences of an event and
are also useful for generating timing sequences to control
operation in a digital system
A counter that follows the binary sequence is called binary
counter

REGISTER
A small amount
of storage available as part of
a CPU or other digital
processor.

May hold data being

processed, an instruction
being executed, a memory or
I/O address to be accessed
or even special binary codes
used for some other purpose

A CPU has many registers

that hold a binary value
temporarily for storage, for
manipulation and/or for
simple calculations

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC ARRAY (PLA)

PLA : programmable device used to
implement combinational logic functions in
digital circuits
A PLA has a set of
inputs and
corresponding
input complements
and two stages of
logic.

The first stage is

an array of AND
gates that form a
set of product
terms. Each
product term can
consist of any of
the inputs or their
complements.

The second stage

is an array of OR
gates, each of
which forms a
logical sum of any
number of the
product terms.

THE BASIC FORM OF PLA

As with a gate, a combinational circuit can be defined in 3 ways:

Truth Table
is used to describe
the relationships of
inputs and outputs in
tabular form
Example: There are
2 variables used, x
and y.
No. of combination =
2^2 = 4

Graphical Symbols
the interconnected
layout of gates is
depicted

Boolean equations:
Each output signal
is expressed as a
Boolean function
of its input signals
can be used to
describe the
relationships of
inputs and outputs
in mathematical
form.
EXAMPLE :
z=a+b+c

Boolean Algebra

As with any algebra, Boolean algebra makes use of

variables and operation
In this case, the variables and operations are logical
variables and operations
A AND B = A . B
A OR B = A + B
NOT A
=A
D = A + (B . C)
D is equal to 1 if A is 1 or if both B = 0 and C = 1. Otherwise
D is equal to 0
This form expression, for self-evident reason is known as the
sum of products (SOP) form.

Boolean Operators
Boolean operators of 2 input variables
the basic logical operations in a form known as a
truth table, which lists the value of an operation for
every possible combination of values of operands.

 The table summarizes key identities of Boolean

algebra.

SIMPLY
These properties (Laws and Theorems) can be used
to
simplify equations to their simplest form.
Simplify
F=XYZ+XYZ+XZ /

REGISTER TRANSFER
NOTATION
Possible locations that may be involved in
the transfers of information:
Memory locations; ex: LOC, PLACE,A,VAR2
Processor registers; ex: R0,R5
Registers in the I/O subsystem; ex: DATAIN,
OUTSTATUS

EXAMPLE

R1 [X]

the contents of memory location LOC are

transferred into processor register R1
right-hand side of an RTN; denotes a value
left-hand side; name of a location where
the value is to be placed