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Prepared by
Lawrence Kok
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.
com
http://www.astrophys-assist.com/educate/orion/orion02.htm
Emit radiation
when drop to ground
state
Radiation emitted
Emission Spectrum
http://www.astrophys-assist.com/educate/orion/orion02.htm
Emit radiation
when drop to ground
state
Radiation absorbed
Radiation emitted
Emission Spectrum
Absorb radiation
to excited state
http://www.astrophys-assist.com/educate/orion/orion02.htm
Excited state
Emit radiation
when drop to ground
state
Radiation absorbed
Radiation emitted
Absorb radiation
to excited state
Emission Spectrum
Ground state
http://www.astrophys-assist.com/educate/orion/orion02.htm
Energy
Energy supplied
supplied to
to atoms
atoms
Electrons
are
excited
from
Electrons are excited from ground
ground to
to excited
excited states
states
UV
UV
region
region
Lyman
Lyman
Series
Series
n=
n=
n=
n=
1
1
Emission
Visible
Visible
region
region
Balmer
Balmer
Series
Series
n=
n=
n=
n=
2
2
Spectra
Electrons
Electrons exist
exist in
in fixed
fixed energy
energy level
level (quantum)
(quantum)
Electrons
drop
from
higher
to
lower,
Electrons drop from higher to lower,
emitting
emitting energy
energy of
of particular
particular wavelength/frequency
wavelength/frequency
Higher
Higher the
the energy
energy level,
level, smaller
smaller the
the difference
difference in
in energy
energy
between
successive
energy
level.
between successive energy level.
Spectrum
Spectrum will
will converge(get
converge(get closer)
closer) with
with increasing
increasing frequency
frequency
Lines
in
spectrum
convergeenergy
levels
Lines in spectrum converge- energy levels also
also converge
converge
Ionisation
Ionisation energy
energy can
can be
be determined
determined (Limit
(Limit of
of convergence)
convergence)
IR
IR region
region
Paschen
Paschen
Series
Series
n=
n=
n=
n= 3
3
omic
omic Emission Spectra
Energy
Energy supplied
supplied
Electrons
Electrons surround
surround nucleus
nucleus in
in allowed
allowed energy
energy states
states (quantum)
(quantum)
Excited
Excited electron
electron returning
returning to
to lower
lower energy
energy level,
level, photon
photon of
of light
light with
with
iscrete
energy/wavelength(colour)
will
be
given
out.
iscrete energy/wavelength(colour) will be given out.
Light
Light pass
pass through
through a
a spectroscope,
spectroscope, with
with a
a prism
prism to
to separate
separate
ut
different
colours
ut different colours
Line
Line emission
emission spectra
spectra is
is produced.
produced.
N= 5-2
434nm
N= 4-2
486nm
N = 3-2,
656nm
nciple
nciple of
of Atomic
Atomic Absorption
Absorption Spectroscopy:
Spectroscopy:
AAS
spectroscopy
uses
absorption
AAS spectroscopy uses absorption of
of light
light to
to measure
measure the
the concentration
concentration of
of gas-phase
gas-phase atoms.
atoms.
Sample
Sample in
in liquids/solids
liquids/solids must
must be
be vaporized
vaporized in
in a
a flame/graphite
flame/graphite furnace
furnace to
to gaseous
gaseous atomic
atomic vapour.
vapour.
Atoms
absorb
UV
/
visible
light
causing
electronic
transitions
to
higher
energy
levels.
Atoms absorb UV / visible light causing electronic transitions to higher energy levels.
Analyte
Analyte concentration
concentration determined
determined from
from the
the amount
amount of
of absorption.
absorption.
Amount
of
light
absorbed
=
(Ratio
of
light
intensity
transmitted/incident
Amount of light absorbed = (Ratio of light intensity transmitted/incident light)
light)
Amount
of
light
absorbed
=
directly
proportional
to
concentration
of
analytes/ions/atoms.
Amount of light absorbed = directly proportional to concentration of analytes/ions/atoms.
Radiation absorbed
Absorb radiation
to excited state
Detection
Detection of
of metal
metal ions
ions in
in small
small quantities
quantities (ppm/ppb)
(ppm/ppb)
Detection
of
Al,
Ca,
Cr,
Fe
in
various
sample
Detection of Al, Ca, Cr, Fe in various sample
Al
Al -- Blood
Blood serum
serum
Ca
Blood
Ca Blood serum
serum
Cu
Cu Copper
Copper based
based alloys
alloys
Cr
Cr Sea
Sea water
water
Fe
Fe -- Plants
Plants
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/absorption.html
Monochromator
Select light with specific frequency/wavelength of interest
Provide the specific light which will be absorb by metal
Atomiser
Atomise sample to atomic
state
Atom vapour (gas phase)
produced
Fuel
Burning mixture of ethyne with O2
(combustion mix)
Sample dehydrated/solvent removed
http://health-hazard-mercury.blogspot.kr/
Detector
http://health-hazard-mercury.blogspot.kr/
Light source of 325nm used, Cu atoms in sample will absorb that particular
wavelength to be excited.
2
2
/ Atomizer
3
3
Detector
http://health-hazard-mercury.blogspot.kr/
3
3
Detector
Initial
Light
Intensity,
Io
Transmitted
Light Intensity
Absorbance, A Concentration
Absorbance, A = log10 (Io/I) = lc
Transmittance, T = Fraction of incident radiation (I) transmitted by the solution, T= I/I o
Absorbance, A Concentration
Absorbance, A = log10 (Io/I) = lc
Transmittance, T = Fraction of incident radiation (I) transmitted by the solution, T= I/I o
Abs =
lc
Absorbance, A Concentration
Absorbance, A = log10 (Io/I) = lc
Transmittance, T = Fraction of incident radiation (I) transmitted by the solution, T= I/I o
Abs =
lc
Amount light absorb depend
on
= Molar extinction of
compound
c= Concentration
l = path length of absorbing
solution
If and l = constant
Abs = Conc
Abs
Conc, c
Plot
2
2 a Standard calibration curve of Abs vs Conc
Abs
Conc
Plot
2
2 a Standard calibration curve of Abs vs Conc
Abs
Conc
3
3 Measure Absorbance of unknown
(Pb2+) sample
Abs
Abs = 0.340
Conc = 0.310
Conc
Plot
2
2 a Standard calibration curve of Abs vs Conc
Abs
Conc
3
3 Measure Absorbance of unknown
(Pb2+) sample
Determine
4
Conc of unknown (Pb2+) by interpolation
4
Abs
Abs = 0.340
Conc = 0.310
Conc
7.25 x 10-5M solution of X has a transmittance of 44.1% when measured in a 2.10cm cell at
wavelength of 525nm.
Calculate the
a) Absorbance, A
b) Molar absorptivity,
Question, Q2
100dm3 of contaminated water was reduced by boiling to 7.50dm3. The reduced volume was
tested, it had absorbance of 0.55. Calculate the conc of Pb 2+ ions (mgdm3) in original sample.
7.25 x 10-5M solution of X has a transmittance of 44.1% when measured in a 2.10cm cell at
wavelength of 525nm.
Calculate the
a) Absorbance, A
b) Molar absorptivity,
Answer to Q1
Abs = - log10 T
= A/bc =
0.3554 / ((2.10 x 7.25 x 10-5)
= -Q2log10 0.441
= 2.33 x
Question,
-1
103 L mol
cm-1
3
3
100dm
of
contaminated
. The reduced volume was
= -(-0.3554)
= 0.355water was reduced by boiling to 7.50dm
2+
tested, it had absorbance of 0.55. Calculate the conc of Pb ions (mgdm3) in original sample.
Answer to Q2
V= 100dm3
M= ?
V= 7.50dm3
M= 1.15mg/dm3
Acknowledgements
Thanks to source of pictures and video used
in this presentation
Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent
contribution on licenses
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