Instrumentasi

Discrete process
measurement

Normal status of a switch

The normal status for a switch is the status its electrical

contacts are in under a condition of minimum physical stimulus.

Listing : normal definitions

various discrete sensor types

Hand switch: no one pressing the switch

Limit switch: target not contacting the switch
Proximity switch: target far away
Pressure switch: low pressure (or even a

vacuum)
Level switch: low level (empty)
Temperature switch: low temperature (cold)
Flow switch: low flow rate (fluid stopped)

Hand switches

Limit switches

Proximity switches

Pressure switches
Exp. two pressure switches sensing the same fluid

pressure

Mercury tilt switches

Level switches

metal tuning fork

structure

capacitive switches

ultrasonic

Temperature switches

Flow switches

Discrete control elements

Discrete control elements

In engineering, a

discrete variable or
measurement refers to a
true-or-false condition.
Thus, a discrete control
element is one that has
but a limited number of
states (usually two: on
and off).

On/off valves

Analog electronic
instrumentation

4 to 20 mA analog current signals

Typically, a 4 milliamp

current value represents

0% of scale, a 20
milliamp current value
represents 100% of scale.

example, a 4-20 mA

temperature transmitter for

measurement range 50 to 250
degrees C

manipulated variable
Most industrial control systems

use at least two different 4-20 mA

signals: one to represent the
process variable (PV) and one to
represent the command signal to
the final control element
(themanipulated variable or MV)

Typically 4 milliamps

commands a closed
(shut) control valve or a
stopped motor, while 20
milliamps commands a
wide-open valve or a
motor running at full
speed.

Graphical interpretation of signal ranges

Exp.

Controller output current loops

Particular controller has two

digital displays, one for process

variable (PV) and one for
setpoint (SP)
Bargraph for displaying the
output value (Out)
One pushbutton to switch
between Automatic and
Manual modes (A/M)
Two other pushbuttons to
decrement and increment
setpoint value (in Automatic
mode) or the Output value (in
Manual mode).

Continuous pressure
measurement

Flow (measuring the pressure dropped

across a restriction)

Manometers
Mechanical pressure elements
Electrical pressure elements
Differential capacitance sensors

Manometers

Jenis-jenis Manometer

Mechanical pressure elements

Differential pressure sensing mechanisms

Electrical pressure elements

Brief survey of electronic pressure transmitters in

contemporary use reveals a diverse representation of

electrical pressure-sensing elements.

Piezoresistive (strain gauge) sensors

Foxboro model IDP10

differential pressure transmitter

Exp. pressure

instrument utilizing a
silicon strain gauge
element

Differential capacitance sensors

Rosemount model 1151

differential pressure transmitter

Continuous level
measurement

Level gauges (sight-glasses)

presence of a lighter liquid layer existing

solution and another trouble

Keep both ports (nozzles)

submerged.

liquid inside the vessel is

substantially hotter than the

liquid in the gauge, causing the
densities to be different.

Float

Hydrostatic pressure

Calibration table for a transmitter close-coupled to the

bottom of an oil storage tank

Continuous temperature
measurement

Bi-metal temperature sensors

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors

(RTDs)

Thermocouples
Dissimilar metal junctions

Reference junction compensation

Thermocouple types

Temperature sensor accessories

Thermowell