Bearing

History of Bearing
 Classification of Bearing
base on friction
• Anti Friction bearing

• Friction bearing/journal bearing

 Classification of Bearing
base on load
•Radial Load
•Axial load
•Tangential load/
combination
 Part of Bearing
• There are four major parts to a
standard ball bearing:
– the outer race,
– the rolling balls,
– the inner race,
– and the cage.
 Manufacturing
race
• Both races are made in almost the same way. Since they are
both rings of steel, the process starts with steel tubing of an
appropriate size. Automatic machines similar to lathes use
cutting tools to cut the basic shape of the race, leaving all of the
dimensions slightly too large. The reason for leaving them too
large is that the races must be heat treated before being
finished, and the steel
• The rough cut races are put into a heat treating furnace at
about 1,550 degrees Fahrenheit (843 degrees Celsius) for up to
several hours (depending on the size of the parts), then dipped
into an oil bath to cool them and make them very hard. This
hardening also makes them brittle, so the next step is to temper
them. This is done by heating them in a second oven to about
300 degrees Fahrenheit (148.8 degrees Celsius), and then
letting them cool in air. This whole heat treatment process
makes parts which are both hard and tough
The Manufacturing Ball
Cold Heading
 Cage
• Steel cages are stamped out of fairly thin sheet metal,
much like a cookie cutter, and then bent to their final
shape in a die. A die is made up of two pieces of steel
that fit together, with a hole the shape of the finished
part carved inside. When the cage is put in between and
the die is closed, the cage is bent to the shape of the
hole inside. The die is then opened, and the finished part
is taken out, ready to be assembled.
• Plastic cages are usually made by a process called
injection molding. In this process, a hollow metal mold is
filled by squirting melted plastic into it, and letting it
harden. The mold is opened up, and the finished cage is
taken out, ready for assembly
 Assembly
• Now that all of the parts are made, the
bearing needs to be put together.
• First, the inner race is put inside the outer
race, only off to one side as far as possible.
This makes a space between them on the
opposite side large enough to insert balls
between them.
• The required number of balls is put in, then
the races are moved so that they are both
centered, and the balls distributed evenly
around the bearing. At this point, the cage is
installed to hold the balls apart from each
other.
• Plastic cages are usually just snapped in,
while steel cages usually have to be put in
and riveted together.
• Now that the bearing is assembled, it is
coated with a rust preventative and
packaged for shipping
 How Bearings Work ?
• The Basics
– The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better
than they slide. The wheels on your car are like big bearings. If
you had something like skis instead of wheels, your car would be
a lot more difficult to push down the road.
– That is because when things slide, the friction between them
causes a force that tends to slow them down. But if the two
surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly reduced.
• Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth
metal balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and
outer metal surface for the balls to roll against.
These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the
device to spin smoothly
 Bearing Loads
• Bearings typically have to deal
with two kinds of loading, radial
and thrust.
• Depending on where the bearing
is being used, it may see all
radial loading, all thrust loading
or a combination of both
Radial Load
Axial load/Trust
 Tangential
load/combination
 Types of Bearings
• Ball Bearings
• Roller Bearings
• Ball Thrust Bearing
• Roller Thrust Bearing
• Tapered Roller Bearings
 Ball Bearings
• Ball bearings, as shown below, are
probably the most common type of
bearing. They are found in everything
from inline skates to hard drives. These
bearings can handle both radial and
thrust loads, and are usually found in
applications where the load is relatively
small

• In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted

from the outer race to the ball, and from
the ball to the inner race. Since the ball
is a sphere, it only contacts the inner
and outer race at a very small point,
which helps it spin very smoothly. But it
also means that there is not very much
contact area holding that load, so if the
bearing is overloaded, the balls can
deform or squish, ruining the bearing
 Roller Bearings
• Roller bearings like the one
illustrated below are used in
applications like conveyer belt
rollers, where they must hold
heavy radial loads. In these
bearings, the roller is a cylinder, so
the contact between the inner and
outer race is not a point but a line.
This spreads the load out over a
larger area, allowing the bearing to
handle much greater loads than a
ball bearing. However, this type of
bearing is not designed to handle
much thrust loading.
• A variation of this type of bearing,
called a needle bearing, uses
cylinders with a very small
diameter. This allows the bearing
to fit into tight places
 Ball Thrust Bearing
• Ball thrust bearings like
the one shown below
are mostly used for
low-speed applications
and cannot handle
much radial load.
Barstools and Lazy
Susan turntables use
this type of bearing
 Roller Thrust Bearing
• Roller thrust bearings like
the one illustrated below
can support large thrust
loads. They are often
found in gearsets like car
transmissions between
gears, and between the
housing and the rotating
shafts.
• The helical gears used in
most transmissions have
angled teeth -- this causes
a thrust load that must be
supported by a bearing
 Tapered Roller Bearings
• Tapered roller bearings can
support large radial and
large thrust loads
• Tapered roller bearings are
used in car hubs, where
they are usually mounted in
pairs facing opposite
directions so that they can
handle thrust in both
directions
• Tapered roller bearings are
used in car hubs, where
they are usually mounted in
pairs facing opposite
directions so that they can
handle thrust in both
directions
TYPES OF HIGH-PRECISION
BEARINGS
• ANGULAR CONTACT BALL
BEARINGS
• CYLINDRICAL ROLLER
BEARINGS
• ANGULAR CONTACT THRUST
BALL BEARINGS
• HYBRID BEARINGS
 ANGULAR CONTACT BALL
BEARINGS
• These non-separable (essentially single-row) bearings (in a
variety of series and designs) feature raceways in the inner
and outer rings.
• The load is transmitted from one raceway to another at an
angle to the bearing axis.
• These bearings, therefore, can carry axial loads acting in
one direction, as well as radial loads. (Axial forces produced
in the bearing when subjected to a radial load must be
counteracted by an opposing force applied externally, so
these bearings are adjusted against a second bearing.)
• Angular contact ball bearings are supplied singly or in
bearing sets, and as full steel or hybrids (bearings having
steel rings and ceramic rolling elements.) Bearing sets are
most often specified when the load carrying capacity of a
single bearing is inadequate, or if axial loads acting in both
directions must be accommodated
 CYLINDRICAL ROLLER
BEARINGS
• Available in many designs, dimension series, and
sizes, these high-precision double-row and single row
bearings feature low cross-sectional height and high
load-carrying and speed capabilities. They can enable
spindle bearing arrangements to be designed for
heavy radial loads, high stiffness, relatively high
speed, and axial compliance. (Double-row cylindrical
roller bearings can carry very high loads; single-row
bearings are used where increased speed capability
and more compact spindle design are needed.)
• Hybrid cylindrical roller bearings incorporate specially
designed ceramic rollers for superior rigidity, speed,
and service life.
 ANGULAR CONTACT
THRUST BALL BEARINGS
• These types are well-suited for applications
demanding accuracy and rigidity of machine tool
work spindles.
• Single direction thrust ball bearings consist of a shaft
washer, a housing washer, and a ball and cage thrust
assembly. As the name suggests, these ball bearings
can accommodate axial loads in one direction and
locate a shaft axially in one direction.
• Double direction thrust ball bearings consist of one
shaft washer, two housing washers, and two ball and
cage thrust assemblies. These types can axially
locate a shaft in both directions.
 HYBRID BEARINGS
• This type features rings and cages manufactured from
bearing steel and balls (the rolling elements) made from
silicon nitride weighing only 40 percent of their steel
equivalents.
• This translates to low centrifugal force and low load on the
raceway at high speeds. Hybrid bearings exhibit high-speed
capability, long service life, and high wear resistance, and can
also serve to provide electrical insulation.
• Since the dimensions of hybrid bearings are the same as
those of steel bearings, a switch to hybrid bearings requires
no design changes. (From our application files: A leading
machine manufacturer was able to design a high-speed angle
grinder, using hybrid bearings, with the pneumatic turbine
rotating at 60,000 r/min. Before the age of ceramics, this level
of performance would have been impossible.)
 BEARING
CHARACTERISTICS
• LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
AND LIFE
• RIGIDITY
• SPEED
• PRELOAD
• TOLERANCES
 LOAD CARRYING
CAPACITY AND LIFE
• In general machinery applications, the bearing size required for
a given bearing arrangement is usually determined by the load
carrying capacity. However, selection is made not only in
relation to the actual load, but also to the desired life and
operational reliability.
• For machine tool spindles, bearing size is almost always
determined by criteria such as stiffness of the system, fixed
dimensions for the tool holder, or the spindle bore. The
bearings selected according to such criteria yield arrangements
that often exhibit extremely long life.
• For precision bearings, determining the load to which a bearing
will be subjected is particularly complex, since it involves many
influencing factors. (In these cases, special computer programs
have been developed and should be engaged to calculate load
carrying capacity and life.)
 RIGIDITY
• The rigidity of a bearing arrangement will be influenced by bearing stiffness, which is the
relationship between bearing load and deformation.
• The stiffness of a bearing depends on its type and size with these factors being the most
important criteria: types of rolling element (rollers or balls); number and size of rolling
elements; contact angle; applied load; and applied preload. Because of a much larger
contact area between rolling elements and raceways in a roller bearing than in a ball
bearing, roller bearing stiffness will be much higher than ball bearing stiffness. In addition,
as the contact area between rolling elements and raceways is smaller under light loads,
the resulting stiffness will be lower than under heavy loads. As a result, it is best to follow
the rule of thumb: where high radial stiffness is required, bearings with the smallest
possible contact angle should be used. Conversely, where high axial stiffness is desired,
the contact angle should be as large as possible.
• The number (not size) of rolling elements will have the greatest influence on bearing
stiffness. A given percentage increase in the number of balls or rollers will increase bearing
stiffness by a greater amount than the same percentage increase in rolling element size. In
addition, the use of two or more bearings at one position will further increase the stiffness
of a bearing arrangement. (Angular contact ball bearings supplied in matched sets are best
suited in these cases.) Bearing stiffness can also be enhanced by preload.
 SPEED
• The speed at which rolling bearings can operate is largely governed by
permissible operating temperature. Bearing types with low friction (and,
therefore, low heat generation) in the bearings themselves are most
appropriate for high speed operation; and, in general, ball bearings will
be chosen for high speed.
• However, the overriding parameter that sets the actual limit for the
operating speed in bearing systems is the maximum permissible
temperature for safeguarding the lubricant life and the complete
system’s thermal stability. The operating temperature depends on many
factors (bearings are only one consideration), ranging from the
temperature of the environment and heat generated by motors to
electrical losses and friction in the bearings.
• As for heat generated by the bearings themselves, several potential
causes can exist relating to the bearing’s internal design, the material of
the rings and rolling elements, type of lubrication, and/or the loads acting
on the bearings (including preloading). (Designers will compensate by
modifying bearing arrangements.)
 PRELOAD
• Machine tool spindles are almost always fitted with preloaded bearings or preloaded
bearing sets for two key reasons: preloading makes it possible to increase both
bearing stiffness and the arrangement’s running accuracy.
• Single row angular contact ball bearings are generally adjusted against each other by
axial displacement of the inner or outer rings until a certain preload (or a certain
clearance) is obtained in the bearing arrangement. (Single row angular contact ball
bearings that are mounted in sets can be matched in production so that when they
are mounted immediately adjacent to each other, predetermined values of preload
are obtained.)
• Cylindrical ball bearings with tapered bore are preloaded by driving the inner ring up
onto its tapered seating. For double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings,
the spacer sleeve arranged between the shaft washers is dimensioned so that a
suitable preload will be achieved once the bearing has been mounted.
• In very high speed bearing arrangements incorporating angular contact ball bearings,
it is customary to axially preload by means of springs, which enables a constant
preload to be maintained throughout a whole range of operating conditions.
• In practice, the amount of preload that can be applied to a rolling bearing will be
limited, because frictional losses and operating temperature increase with increasing
preload, reducing bearing life. An optimum preload yields the greatest possible
bearing stiffness for the smallest increase in friction
 TOLERANCES
• Tolerance classes for precision bearings are standardized internationally. (Hybrid bearings
are made to the same tolerances as corresponding all-steel bearings.) For those application
demands where extreme precision is required, even greater accuracy can be supplied by
most major manufacturers.
• Even in machine tools that utilize high-precision bearings, the performance objectives of
maximum running accuracy, high speeds, and low operating temperatures can only be met
if the mating parts and other associated components are made with equal precision. In part,
this is because bearing rings are relatively thin-walled and will tend to adapt themselves to
the form of the shaft or housing bore in machine tool applications.
• Any deformation or variances from specs of the shaft and housing bore seating, therefore,
will be transmitted to the raceways of the bearing rings. Resulting angular misalignment of
one bearing ring in relation to the other may then cause high operating temperatures,
especially where high-speed operation is intended. This can be avoided by machining all
parts precisely, including the axial support surfaces for the faces of the bearing rings.
• Potential problems can be solved at the outset by taking advantage of the design and
engineering expertise offered by experienced bearing manufacturers.
• Such professional support can prove invaluable in selecting bearing types and arrangements
and in designing customized solutions fitting application requirements.
• Whether striving for accuracy, stiffness, speed, load capacity, service life, or a combination,
expertise sought at the beginning of the design stage can make all the difference in
ultimately satisfying machine tool needs and expectations.
Formula Life of Bearing
base on FAG Standard

p
C 
Lh =  
P
Lh = life bearing on 106 rotary
C = basic radial load ratings
P = load on bearing
p = exponen :
3 for ball bearing
10/3 for bush
Formula Life of Bearing
in hours
6 p
10  C 
Lh =  
60 ⋅ n  P 
Lh = life bearing
in hours
n = rotary per minute
Load on bearing (P)
P = x.Fr + y.Fa
Fr = Radial load (KN)
Fa = Axial load (KN)
X = Axial factor
Y = radial factor
 Table of Deep Groove
Ball Bearing
Normal Bearing Clearance Bearing Clearance C3 Bearing Clearance C4

Fa e Fa Fa e Fa Fa e Fa Fa
≤e >e ≤e >e ≤e >e
Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr
C0 x y x y x y x y x y x y

0.025 0.22 1 0 0.56 2 0.31 1 0 0.46 1.75 0.4 1 0 0.44 1.42

0.04 0.24 1 0 0.56 1.8 0.33 1 0 0.46 1.62 0.42 1 0 0.44 1.36

0.07 0.27 1 0 0.56 1.6 0.36 1 0 0.46 1.46 0.44 1 0 0.44 1.27

0.13 0.31 1 0 0.56 1.4 0.41 1 0 0.46 1.3 0.48 1 0 0.44 1.16

0.25 0.37 1 0 0.56 1.2 0.46 1 0 0.46 1.14 0.53 1 0 0.44 1.05

0.5 0.44 1 0 0.56 1 0.54 1 0 0.46 1 0.56 1 0 0.44 1

Table of Deep Groove Ball
Bearing Single Bearing
 SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG
BEARING
Operating conditions and
permissible Fields
Application
wear of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f v

Motor vehicles
gear boxes g–k 5-8
axle drives h–k 3–6
water pumps k 5–7
clutches k 5–7
wheel bearing h–i 4–6
Rail bound vehicles
haulage trolleys f–h 12 – 15
trams e–f 8 - 12
passenger coaches c–d 8 - 12
freight cars c–d 8 - 12
motor coaches d–e 6 - 10
locomotives (outer bearing) d–e 6 - 10
locomotives (inner bearing) d–e 6 - 10
gears c-d 3-6
 SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG
BEARING
Operating conditions and
Application Fields of Operating Wear Factor f
permissible wearConditions
v

Gear/general engineering
universal gears d–e 3–8
gears motor d–e 3–8
large-sized gears, stationary c-d 3–8
Material handling
belt drives/open cast mining c–d 5 – 10
belt conveyor idlers g–k 10 – 20
belt pulleys e–f 10 – 15
bucket wheel excavators/drive d–f 5 – 12
bucket wheel excavators/ bucket wheel e–g 12 – 15
bucket wheel excavators/ bucket wheel drive c–e 5 – 10
winding cable sheaves c–d 8 – 12
Pump, blowers, compressors
small fans and blowers f–h 5–8
medium-sized fans d–f 3-5
large fans c–d 3–5
centrifugal pumps d–f 3–5
compressors d–f 3–5
 SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG
BEARING
Operating conditions and
permissible Fields
Application
wear of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f v

Electric motors
electric motors for household appliances i–k 3-5
standard motors c–d 3–5
large motors b–d 3–5
traction motors c-d 3–5
Machine tools
lathe spindles a–b 0,5 – 1,5
milling spindles a–b 0,5 – 1,5
boring spindles b–c 1–2
grinding spindles c–d 0,5 - 1
workstock spindles a–b 0,5 – 1
machine tool gears c–d 3-8
presses/flywheel d–f 3-8
presses/eccentric shaft d–e 3–5
electric tools g–h 3–8
pneumatic tools g–h 3–8
Woodworking machines
 SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG
BEARING
Operating conditions and
permissible Fields
Application
wear of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f v

milling cutter e–f 1,5 – 3

cutter shaft e–f 1,5 – 3
frame saws/main bearing e–g 3–4
frame saws/con rod bearing c–d 2-3
 SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG
BEARING
Operating conditions and
permissible wear
Application Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f v

Crushers, mills, screens etc.

jaw crushers f-g 8 – 12

cone crushers, roll crushers f-g 8 -10
beater mills c–d 4–6
hammer mills, impact mills d–e 5–8
tube mills f–g 12 – 18
vibrating mills f–g 3–5
vibrating screens e–f 4–6
briquette presses e–g 8 – 12
support rollers (kilns) f–g 12 – 18

Paper making machines and printing machines

paper making machines/wet section b–c 7 – 10

paper making machines/dry section a–b 10 – 15
paper making machines/refiners b–c 5–8
paper making machines/calenders a–b 4–8
Printing machines a–b 3–4