PNEUMATIC AND

HYDRAULIC
( JJ512)

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Can you think for a

while

WHAT IS
PNEUMATIC??

A fluid power is one

that transmits &
control energy
through the use of
pressurized liquid
or gas

NEUMATIC IS A SYSTEM DRIVEN BY FLUID POW

DEFINITION
Pneumatics is the use of gas to transmit
power from one point to another.
Derived from the Greek word ---
Pneu = Wind
Matic = Power
:- therefore,the pneumatic systemmay
beinterpretedas
asystemdrivenbywind power.

ADVANTAGES AND DISTINGUISHING

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPRESSED AIR
AVAIBILITY

Is available practically everywhere in unlimited

quantities

TRANSPORT

Can be easily transported in pipelines, even over

large distances

STORAGE

Can be stored in a reservoir and removed as

required.

TEMPERATURE

Is relatively insensitive to temperature

fluctuations. This ensure reliable operation, even
under extreme conditions.

EXPLOSION
PROOF

No risk of explosion or fire

CLEANLINESS

Unlubricated exhaust air is clean. Any

unlubricated air which escape through leaking
pipes or components does not cause
contamination.

COMPONENTS

The operating components are of simple

construction and therefore relatively inexpensive

ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM
Air

is easily available everywhere

The return can be ignored
Compressed air is able to flow
quickly through the pipes and valves
Compressed air can be stored in
jar/tank
No Pollution occurs due to leakage
Lines are easy to install
Compressed air offers no risk of
explosion or fire

DISADVANTAGES OF
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
The

air must be treated

Leakage is disadvantageous of the
constant power loss
At pressures above 6 bar, technical
security control is needed.
More force is required to move the
larger diameter cylinder

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
EMPLOYING PNEUMATICS

Automobile Industry
Food Processing Industry
Shipping Industry
ElectronicsIndustry
RoboticsIndustry

USAGES OF COMPRESSED AIR

IN DAILY LIFE
Expand

transportation tyre
Wrapping food process
Spray paint
Open and Close Door bus

PNEUMATIC
APPLICATION
IN DAILY LIFE

IN INDUSTRIAL

IN CARRYING AND
WORKING OPERATION

Air Gun

Clamping

Drilling

Insect Spray

Shifting

Turning

Jack Air

Positioning

Milling

Door Bus

Packaging

Sawing

Spray Paint

Sorting of Parts

Finishing

Grinder

Stacking of
Component

Forming

PNEUMATIC COMPONENT
Compressor

COMPONENT

DESCRIPTION

Compressor

To gather and compress air from normal to

high pressure. Those air compressors in
which successive volumes of air are enclosed
and then elevated to a higher pressure by
reducing the volume of the enclosure holding
air.

Air dryer

To dry the compressed air before it is

provided to pneumatic system and to avoid
pneumatic components form corrosion.

Receiver

To receive and keep compressed air. Receiver

should be fitted with a safety valve, pressure
gauge to manage the air pressure.

Service Unit

Consist of tree components. There are filter,

regulator and lubricator. Its functions is to
remove all contaminants such as dust and
rust particles from the compressed air,
manage air pressure and to extend

Control Valve

Determines the flow of air between its ports

by opening, closing or changing its internal
connections. So directional control valve is
used to control air and cylinder direction or
movement.

PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Thank you

PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC

(JJ512)
AIR GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

RELATED THEORY
1.

PRESSURE
3 ways to measure pressure which
is in kPa, Bar and Psi unit.
1 atm (atmosfera) = 100 kPa
= 14.5 psi
= 1.0132 bar
= 100 kN/m2

2. Boyles Law
What is Boyles Law?
Boyles Law is one of the laws in physics that
concern the behaviour of gases
When a gas is under pressure it takes up less
space:
The higher the pressure, the smaller the
volume
Boyles Law tells us about the relationship
between the volume of a gas and its pressure
at a constant temperature
The law states that pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume

volume

pressure

Boyles Law

P2V2
1/V1
P= 1 ,
V= 1

P1V1 =
P1

P= 2 ,
V= 1/2

P= 5 ,
V= 1/5

3. Force
In

Newton unit
F [N] = P [N/m2] x
A [m2]

forces

exerted by the actuator

cylinder is not 100% because of
losses due to friction that occurs at
the surface of the piston and the
cylinder surface actuators. So the
effective
force
Fef [N] =
P x will
D be :
X7

4. Dew Point
Dew

Point is the temperature at which

water vapor in the air begins to condense
to form liquid water.
Can cause problems in a pneumatic
system when the temperature of the
compressed air drops to the dew point
and the vapor condenses into liquid water

AIR COMPRESSOR
Is

basically an air pump that

compresses air into the receiver
tank.
Compress air from atmospheric
pressure to a higher pressure
This is done by reducing the air
volume
The receiver tank acts as a pressure
source from which the system can
draw as dictated by the flow
demand.

TYPES OF COMPRESSOR
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
NON-POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT

POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
1. a given quantity of air or
gas is trapped in a
compression chamber and
the volume which it
occupies is mechanically
reduced, causing a
corresponding rise in
pressure prior to discharge
2. At constant speed, the air
flow remains essentially
constant with variations in
discharge pressure
3. A type of compressor that
delivers a fixed volume of
air at high pressure

2. Dynamic compressors
impart
energy
NON velocity
POSITIVE
toDISPLACEMENT
continuously flowing
air or gas by means of
impellers rotating at
very high speeds.
3. The velocity energy is
changed into pressure
energy both by the
impellers and the
discharge volutes or
diffusers
4. A type of compressor
that delivers larger
volumes of air at lower
pressure.

Impeller

DISPLACEMENT COMPESSOR

-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENTRECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

(PEMAMPAT JENIS SALINGAN)

1. Air taken in at atmospheric pressure is

compressed to the required pressure in a
single stroke.
2. Downward movement of the piston
increases volume to create a lower pressure
than that of the atmosphere, causing air to
enter the cylinder through the inlet valve.
3. At the end of the stroke, the piston moves
upwards, the inlet valve closes as air is
compressed, forcing the outlet valve to
open discharging air into a receiver tank..

A. SINGLE STAGE PISTON

COMPRESSOR
Suction line

Head
Valve plate
Suction valve
Connecting Rod

a. Single Stage Piston

Compressor

Discharge line

Discharge
valve
Rings
Piston

Crankshaft

B. TWO STAGE PISTON

COMPRESSOR
1. When air is compressed above 6 bar, the excessive
heat create greatly reduces the efficiency. Because
of this, piston compressors used in industrial
compressed air systems are usually two stage
2. Air is taken in at atmospheric pressure is
compressed in two stages to the final pressure
3. If the final pressure is 7 bar, the first stage normally
compresses the air to approximately 3 bar, after
which it is cooled. It is then fed into the second
stage cylinder which compresses it to 7 bar.
4. The compressed air enters the second stage
cylinder at a greatly reduced temperature after
passing through the intercooler, thus improving
efficiency compared to that of a single stage unit.

b. Two Stage Piston

Compressor

DIAPHRAGM
COMPRESSOR
Diaphragm compressor provide
compressed air in the 3-5 bar range
totally free of oil and are therefore
widely used by food,
pharmaceutical and similar
industries.
2. The diaphragm provides a change
in chamber volume. This allows air
intake in the down stroke and
compression in the up stroke.
1.

Diaphragm
compressor

ROTARY COMPRESSORS

1. ROTARY SLIDING VANE

COMPRESSOR
2. SCREW COMPRESSOR.

ROTARY SLIDING VANE

COMPRESSOR
rotor
Vane
Inlet port
Outlet port

Volume
increase

1. This has an eccentricity mounted rotor having

a series of vanes sliding in radial slots.
2. As the rotor rotates, centrifugal force holds
the vanes in contact with the stator wall and
the space between the adjacent blades
decreases from the air inlet to outlet, so
compressing the air
3. Lubrication and sealing is achieved by
injecting oil into the air stream near the inlet.
4. The oil also acts as a coolant limit the delivery
temperature.

Screw compressor

Volume
increase

OUTLET

INLET

1. Two meshing helical rotors rotate in

opposite directions.
2. The free space between them decrease
axially in volume and this compresses
the air trapped between the rotors.
3. Oil flooding provides lubrication and
sealing between the two rotating
screws.
4. Oil separators remove this oil from the
outlet air.

NON-POSITIVE/ DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT
The

basic operating theory of

dynamic compressors is converting
the kinetic energy of high-speed air
into pressure
Dynamic compressor designs are
either:
Centrifugal
Axial

 Centrifugal

dynamic
compressor

Centrifugal dynamic
compressor:
An
impeller
increases
airspeed
Prime mover energy is
converted
into
kinetic
energy as airspeed rapidly
increases
through
the
impeller
Kinetic energy is converted
to air pressure as air

39

 Impeller

assembly of a
centrifugal
dynamic
compressor

40

 Axial-flow

dynamic compressor:

Rotating rotor blades increase air

speed
Fixed stator blades decrease
airspeed
Kinetic energy is converted to air
pressure
Series of rotor and stator sections
are staged to form the axial-flow
compressor
41

Compressor Design and

Operation
Axial-flow

dynamic compressor

42

Compressor Design and

Operation
Pressure

is
created when
high-speed air is
slowed by the
fixed stator
blades

43

NON-POSITIVE/ DYNAMIC
DISPLACEMENT
1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
D : A type of dynamic compressor
that compresses air and expels it with a
centrifugal force from a rotating wheel
with radial vanes. Centrifugal
compressors are often used for fans and
cooling units.
2.AXIAL COMPRESSOR
D: The air is accelerated in the axial
direction of flow by means of blades.

CONCLUSION
+ ve displacement compressor

are used in fluid power application

because they are capable of
producing flow against high
pressures.

- ve displacement compressor are

low pressure, high flow pumps that
are used in fluid transfer

FREE AIR DELIVERY (FAD)

1)FAD is the actual quantity of

compressed air at the
discharge of the compressor
2)FAD at atmosphere pressure is
vary depending on place
3)The standard air for free air
pressure standards is
1.010 BAR = 0OC

AIR COMPRESSOR ACCESSORIES

For the continuing performance of control systems and
working element
it is necessary to guarantee that the air supply is: at the
required pressure, dry and clean.
INPUT STRAINER AND SILENCER

R
I
P
S

RESERVOI
R UDARA
INPUT
STRAINER

Consist of Filter, Regulator

and Lubricator. Function to
regulate the pressure and
lubricate the air.

PRESSUR
E RELIEF
VALVE
SERVIS
UNIT

AIR DEHYDRATION
Loweringthe temperature anddrying airafterthe
compression process
COMPRESSOR

DR
T&
Y
AIR

50

AFTER/ CONTINUOUS
COOLERS
1. After final compression, the air will be
hot and, when cooling, will deposit
water in considerable quantities in the
air-line system which should be avoided.
2. The most effective way to remove the
major part of this condensate is to
subject the air to after-cooling,
immediately after compression.
3. Aftercoolers are heat exchangers, being
either air cooled or water cooled

AIR COOLED
1. Consisting of a nest of tubes
through which the compressed air
flows and over which a forced
draught of cold air is passed by
means of a fan assembly.
2. The outlet temperature of the
cooled compressed air should be
approximately 15 c above the
ambient cooling temperature

WATER COOLED
1. Essentially, a steel shell housing tubes with
water circulating on one side and air on the
other, usually arranged so that the flow is
in opposite direction through the cooler.
2. A water cooled aftercooler should ensure
that the air discharged will be
approximately 10 c above the temperature
of the cooling water
3. An automatic Drain attached to, or integral
with, the aftercooler, removes the
accumulated condensation.

AIR DRYERS
ABSORBANCE DRYING

PENGERING UDARA

ABSORPTION DRYING
1. The compressed air is forced
through a drying agent
(lithium chloride or calcium
chloride) which reacts with
the moisture to form a
solution which is drained
from the bottom of the
vessel shown in figure.
2. The drying agent must be
replenish at regular intervals
as the dew point increase.
3. Advantages: low initial and
operating cost

ADSORPTION DRYING
1. Water is deposited on the
surface of solids.
2. Chemical such as silica gel or
activated alumina in granular
form is contained in a vertical
chamber to physically absorb
moisture from the compressed
air.
3. Usually two tanks are used.
When the gel in one tank is
saturated, the air flow is
switched to the dry, second
tank and the first tank is
regeneratedby hot-air drying.
Activated
alumina

Silica gel

4. The lowest equivalent dew

points (down to 90 C) can be
achieved by means of

COOLANT / REFRIGERANT /LOW TEMPERATURE

DRYING
1. The
aim
is
to
reduce
the
temperature of the air to a dew
point which ensures that the water
in the air condenses and drops out in
the quantity required.
2. The air entering into the refrigerant
dryer is pre-cooled in a heat
exchanger by escaping cold air.
3. It is then cooled in the cooling unit
to temperatures between +2c and 5
c.
4. The dried compressed air is filtered.
5. Before the compressed air is output
into the network, the air is heated
back to ambient conditions.

MAIN LINE FILTER

1. A large capacity filter should
be installed after the air
receiver
to
remove
contamination, oil vapors from
the air