1

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF
SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS
Ccts with two distinct storage elements.
Not reduceable any way.
May be same type or different.
L & C Peculiar ocillatory behaviour,
due to energy flow back and forth
2

 Same procedure:
Formulate differential eqn.
Find the roots of characteristic eqn.
Natural response will be over/critical/
under/udamped,depending on damping
ratio( ).
Varying changes location of roots in
S-plane as well as the rasponse.
3

Over and critical damped rsponse are

exponentially decaying like first order.
Under damped response is decaying
oscillations.
Un-damped response is ocillations.
Using op-ampl, we can place roots any
where in S-plane. So we can have
diverging oscillations.
4

9.1 NATURAL RESPONSE OF

SERIES & PARALLEL RLC
CIRCUITS
Once rest of citcuit is Thevenized/Nortanized
we are left with:

vL vR vC vS
(dvL / dt ) (dvR / dt ) (dvC / dt ) (dvS / dt )
Putting: vL L(di / dt ), vR Ri,& i / C (dvC / dt )
d 2 i R di 1
1 dvS

i
dt L dt LC
L dt
6

ic iR iL iS
dic
dt

diR
dt

diL

diS

dt
dt
dv
v diL
v
Putting:ic C
, iR ,

dt
R dt
L
d 2v
1 dv
1
1 diS

v
dt
RC dt
LC
C dt
7

d 2i
R di
1
1 dvS

i
dt
L dt
LC
L dt
d 2v
1 dv
1
1 diS

v
dt
RC dt
LC
C dt
Both are second order diff. eqn of the type:
d2 y (t )
dy (t )
dx
2
20
0 y (t ) k
2
dt
dt
dt
For source free i.e. natural response:
iS vS x 0
dvS

diS

dx

0
dt
dt
dt
d2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 0
dt 2
dt
8

d 2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 0
dt 2
dt
y (t ) is either v or i, unknown variable.
0 has the dimensions of rad/s, called
undamped natural freq
is dimensionless, called damping ratio.
9

d 2i
R di
1
1 dvS

i
dt
L dt
LC
L dt
d 2v
1 dv
1
1 diS

v
dt
RC dt
LC
C dt
d2 y (t )
dy (t )
dx
2
20
0 y (t ) k
2
dt
dt
dt
Equating corresponding coefficients:
1
0
, both for series & parrallel.
LC
1

R C / L for series case
2
1
1

for parallel case.
2 R C/L

10

d2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 0...(1)
dt 2
dt
Possible if the function, its 1st & 2nd derivatives
have same form. An exponential form like:
y (t ) Aest .....(2)
We have to find values of A & s.
Subisituting 2 in 1 we get:
(s2 20 s 02 ) Aest 0
Q Aest 0
s2 20 s 02 0

11

 s 20 s 0
2

2
0

AS & 0 depend only on R, L,

& C, and theire topology, therefore,
this eqn is called characteristic eqn.
Roots of Ch eqn are called:
Natural frequency
12

 Roots of Ch eqn are called:

Natural frequencies.
Characteristic frequencies.
Critical frequencies.
The roots are:
S1,2 ( 2 1) 0
13

Since we have two roots,therefore response:

y1 (t ) A1es1t and y2 (t ) A2 es2t
If these are the solution
y (t ) A1es1t + A2 es2 t is also the solution.
A1 & A2 are costants to be determined.

14

R, L, and C are always real and +ve,

S1 , and S2 may be real or complex,
depending on sign of ( 2 1).
S1,2 ( 2 1) 0
Important cases
(1) f 1 2 1 0 Roots
are real, -ve, and distinct
Response is over damped.
(2) =1 2 1 0 Roots are,
real, -ve & identical Response
is critically damp
15

(2) =1 2 1 0 Roots are,

real, -ve & identical Response
is critically damp
S1,2 ( 2 1) 0
(3) 0 p p 1 2 1 p 0
Roots are coplex conjugate
Response is underdamped.
(4) =0 Roots are purely
imaginary Response is undamped.

16

 For various we keep L & C

costant and vary R
Stored energy results in natural
response.
It is assumed that sw remained closed
to achive SS, i.e. iC 0 & vL 0

17

EXAMPLE 9.1:
In the series RLC circuit find
)
di
(0
i (0 ) and
(just after sw activation).
dt
SOLUTION: Just before activation of sw:

iL (0 ) =0 & vC (0 ) VS .
By continuity rule:i(0 ) = iL (0 ) = iL (0 ) =0
&vC (0 ) vC (0 ) VS .
di (0 ) diL (0 ) vL (0 )

dt
dt
L

18

By KVL: vR (0 ) vC (0 ) vL (0 ) 0
vL (0 ) vR (0 ) vC (0 ) Ri(0 ) VS VS
vL (0 ) VS
VS
di (0 ) diL (0 ) vL (0 )

dt
dt
L
L
The initial conditions for series circuit are:
)
V
di
(0
S

i (0 ) 0 and

dt
L

19

EXERCISE 9.1:
In the parallel RLC
circuit show that:
)
I
d
v
(0
S

v(0 ) 0 &

dt
C
SOLUTION: In SS condition:
V(0- ) VC (0- )=VL (0 ) 0

V(0+) VC (0+ )=VC (0- )= 0

20

EXERCISE 9.1:
iL (0 ) iL (0 ) IS
At t(0+ ) C will act as short across L:
iC (0 ) iL (0 ) iL (0 ) IS
dVC (0 )

)
d
V(0
iC (0 ) C
C
dt
dt
(Polarity of vol is opposit to current)
dV(0 ) iC (0 ) IS

dt
C
C

21

OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
If f 1 Roorts are real, -ve, and distinct
Unit of roots is neper/second(Np/s)
S1,2 ( 2 1) 0
The response: y (t ) A1es1t + A2 es2 t
Which can be writen as: y (t ) A1e t 1 + A2 e-t 2
1
1
1
,and
S1 ( 2 1) 0
1
1
1
S2 ( 2 1) 0
22

y (t ) A1e t 1 + A2 e-t 2
dy (t )
1 t
1 -t
A1 ( )e 1 + A2 ( )e 2
dt
1
2
y (0) A1e0 + A2 e0 = A1 + A2
A1 A2
dy (0)
-1 0
-1 0
A1 ( )e + A2 (
)e =-(
+
)
dt
1
2
1
2
)
1
dy
(0
)
A1
y
(0

2
1 2
dt
)
2
dy
(0
)
A2
y
(0

1
1 2
dt
23

EXERCISE 9.2:
In the parallel RLC
circuit let IS 12mA,
R=150, L=5mH, and C=20nF. Calculate
v(t ), sketch and label it.
1
1
SOLUTION:
2 R C/L
1

1.6
20 109
2 150
5 103

24

EXERCISE 9.2:
Q f 1 Overdamped

0 1/ LC 1/ 5 103 20 109
105 Np / S
1
1
1

30 S
S1 ( 2 1) 0
1
1
1

3.33 S
S2
( 2 1) 0

25

Initial conditions for parallel case are:

+)
IS
dV(0
+
V(0 ) 0 &

dt
C
12 103

6 105 V / S
20 109
)
1
dy
(0

A1
y
(0
) 2

2.25
1 2
dt
)
2
dy
(0
)
A2
y
(0

2.25
1
1 2
dt

26

Alternative:y (t ) A1e t 1 + A2 e-t 2

dy (t )
1 t
1 -t
A1 ( )e 1 + A2 ( )e 2
dt
1
2
y (0 ) A1e0 + A2 e0 = A1 + A2 0
A1 A2
dy (0 )
-1 0
-1 0
A1 ( )e + A2 ( )e =-(
+
)
dt
1
2
1
2
6 105 -(

A1

A2

30S 3,33S
A1 2.25 and A2 2.25

27

Response
v(0 ) 0
v(t 0 ) 2.25et 30 S 2.25et 3.3 S

28

EXERCISE 9.3: In the over-damped circuit

of exercise 9.2 find current through each
element as function of time. Discuss your results.
SOLUTION: We calculated response as:
v(0 ) 0
v(t 0 ) 2.25et 30 S 2.25et 3.3 S V
(a) iR (0 ) 0
iR (t 0 ) (2.25/150)(-e-t 30S +e-t 3.3S )
=15(-e-t 30S +e-t 3.3S )mA

29

iR (t 0+ )=15(-e-t 30S +e-t 3.3S )mA

30

(b) ic (0 ) 0, ic C ( dvc / dt )
ic (t 0 )
t 3.3 S
t 30 S

1
e
e
20 109 2.25

30 S
3.3 S

1.5e t

3.3 S

13.5et

30 S

mA

The time when response crosses t-axis:

1.5e t

3.3 S

13.5et

30 S

t 8.25 S
31

ic (t 0 )=1.5e-t

3.3S

-13.5e-t

30S

mA

32

(c) iL (0 ) 12mA
t

iL (t 0 ) (1/ L) vL dt i (0 )
0

2.25
t 3.3 S e t 30 S ) dt 12mA

(
e

5mH 0
13.5e t 30 S 1.5e t 3.3 S mA
33

iL (t 0 )=13.5e-t 30S -1.5e-t 3.3S mA

34

At t 0

iR (t 0 ) 15(et 30 S et 3.3 S )
ic (t 0 ) 1.5e

t 3.3 S

iL (t 0 ) 13.5e

t 30 S

13.5e

t 30 S

1.5e

t 3.3 S

mA

mA

iR (t 0 ) ic (t 0 ) iL (t 0 ) 0

35

UNDER DAMPED
If 0 p p 1 2 1 1

S1,2 ( 2 1) 0

2 1 j 1 2
Roots: S1,2 jd
S1 & S2 are coplex cojugate.
Damping coefficient= =0
Damped natural freq=d 0 1 2
36

Both & d dimensions of freq

Np/s, d rad/s,
S1,2 CoplexNp/s
Subsituting S1,2 jd
in y (t ) A1es1t + A2 es2 t
and using appendix 3 we get
y(t)=Ae- t cos(d t )
37

y(t)=Ae- t cos(d t )
This is damped sinosoidal, with angular freqd ,
phase angle , and exponentially decaying amplitde Ae- t
The rate of decay is governed by =1/ =1/0
Damped freq=d 0 1 2 d p 0

slower decay &d 0

38

- t

y(t)=Ae

cos(d t )

39

40

EXERCISE 9.4:
Calculate,sketch
& label v(t ).
1
1
Solution:
2 R C/L
1
1

0.5
2 500 20 109 / 5 103
Q 0 p p 1 Response is under damped.

0 (1/ LC ) (1/ 5 103 20 103 105 rad / S

0 0.5 105 Np / S
41

Solution: 9.4

d 0 1 2 105 1 (0.5)2
86602.54rad / S
Initial conditions: v(0 ) 0 and,
(dv(0 ) / dt ) ( IS / C )
=(-1210-3 /2910-9 )=-0.6106 V/S
y (t ) Ae t cos(d t )
V (0 ) Ae0 cos(0 ) A cos
/ 2
y (t ) Ae t sin d t

42

y (t ) Ae t sin d t
dv / dt A e t sin d t Ad e t cos d t
dv(0 )
A e0 sin 0 Ad e0 cos 0 0.6 106
dt
A 6.9282
v(t 0 ) 6.9282e
sin 86602.54t
1/ 1/ 50000 200 S
Td 2 / d 2 / 86602.54 72.58 S

5104 t

fd 1/ Td 1/ 72.58 S ; 1.38kHz
43

v(t 0 ) 6.9282e

5104 t

sin 86602.54t

44

v(t 0 ) 6.9282e

5104 t

sin86602.54t

45

CRITICALLY DAMPED RESOPONSE

As 1, ( 2 1) 0
When crosses unity, roots change from
complex to real, and response changes from
oscilatory to non-oscilatory.
Subsituting =1 in
1

R C / L for series case
2
1
1

for parallel case.
2 R C/L
we getRC 2
RC

L / C for series case

L / C for parallel case

46

Q S1 = S2 = -0
y (t ) A1es1t + A2 es2 t will not be solution.
Repeated roots sugests solution of the form
test with est , therefore general solution:
-1
st
y (t ) (A1 +A2 t)e where =(1/0 ) S1 =S2 = 0

We can prove this is the solution by putting

d2 y (t )
dy (t )
it in
20
02 y (t ) 0
dt 2
dt
47

EXERCISE 9.5:
Find the value of R
for which parallel
RLC cct becomes critically damped.
Find v(t ) if the cct is in SS prior to sw activation.
1
1
1
SOLUTION:
1 RC
2 R C/L
2

L/C

RC (1/ 2) 5 103 / 20 109 250

v(t ) ( A1 A2 t )e t /
Applying initial conditions:
48

Solution 9.5
v(t ) ( A1 A2 t )e t /
v(0 ) ( A1 A2 0)e0 / A1 0
v(t ) A2 te t /
dv(0 )
=-IS /C=-1210-3 /2010-9 =-6105
dt
t t /

dv

t
/

A2
e
1e
dt

-0 -0/

dv(0 )
-0/
=A2
e +1e =-6105
dt

A=-6105

49

SOLUTION9.5
v(t 0 ) 6 105 te t /
=1/0 = LC = 510-3 2010-9 10S
For peak value:
-t -t/ -t/
dv
5
=-610
e +e =0
dt

t= =10S
vp -6105 e1 2.2 105

50

yt

y 6e t /

51

 v (t 0 ) 6 105 te t /

52

UNDAMPED RESPONSE
Decay of under damped response is due to
loss in resistance. For zero loss oscilations will
be sustained. To have loss less opration:
1
R=0 for series cct R C / L =0
2
1
1
& R= for parallel case
0
2 R C/L
=0 0 & d 0 2 1 0
y(t)=Ae- t cos(d t ) will become
y(t)=A cos(0 t )

53

y(t)=A cos(0 t )
A & Q are found by using initial conditions.
As this is an an undamped sinusoid,
0 is called UNDAMPED NATURAL FRQ
T=2 / 0
Q 0 S1,2 ( 2 1)0 j0

54

EXERCISE 9.6: Calculate, sketch & label v(t )

Solution:
1
0 =
LC
1
=
=105 rad/S
510-3 2010-9
v(t ) A cos(0 t )
Q v(0+ )=0 Acos(0+)=0 = /2
v(t ) A cos(0 t 900 ) A sin(0 t )
v(t ) A sin(0 t )

55

v(t ) A sin(0 t )
dv
A0 cos(0 t )
dt
dv(0+) -IS -1210-3
=
=
=-6105
dt
C
2910-9
A0 cos(0)=-6105
A=-6105 / 0 -6105 /105 6
v(0 ) 0 & v(t 0 ) 6 sin105 t
56

v (t 0 ) 6 sin105 t

57

When =0, roots are purely imaginary

d is always less than 0

d 0 2 1

Td is always longer than T0

d &Td
1 , d 0 & Td
i.e. response changes from oscilatory to non-oscilatory
In practical ccts un-damped condition can not be
achieved due to stray resistances, unless active
elements are used to recoup losses

58

ROOT LOCUS
f 1 Roots are real, -ve
2
S

1)

1,2
0
& distinct.
As decreases, roots close up on real axis
When =1, roots coalesce on real axis
This is critical damping.
Decreasing below unity, causes the roots
to to split & move on symetric trajactory
toward imaginary axis.
They reach imaginary axis, when =0

59

Radial distance of under

damped root from origin =
r = 2 d2 0 1/ LC
r being constant indicsates that
trajactory is circular with radious0 .
(1) Abscissa of S1,2 (real part of S1,2 ) S ( j 1 2 )
1,2
0
is -ve of damping coefficient- =-0 .
(2) Ordinate of S1,2 ( imaginary part of S1,2 )
is the damping freq d 0 2 1
(3)Distance of roots from origin is un-damped freq 0
(4)Dampingratio = 1-(d /0 )2

60

9.2 TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF 2nd CCT

For response to dc forcing function x XS ,
the eqn govering the cct will take the form:
d2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 02 y ()
dt 2
dt
The respocse will be: y (t ) yxt yss
yxt will have the same functional form as that
of natural response
61

For series at t =

V
I

dVS

V
C

dVS
dt

dt
C
For parallel at t =

I
V

dIS
dt

V
V

=L

dIS
dt

L
62

d 2i
R di
1
1 dvS

i
( 9.1)
dt
L dt
LC
L dt
d 2v
1 dv
1
1 diS

v
(9.2)
dt
RC dt
LC
C dt
dVS
dIS
V
I

Since

&

dt
C
dt
L
Therefore:
d 2i
R di
1
1

i
I
dt
L dt
LC
LC
d 2v
1 dv
1
1

v
V
dt
RC dt
LC
LC
d2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 02 y ()
dt 2
dt
63

Depending on the value of damping ratio

yxt will be:
Over damped if f 1
Critically damped if =1
Under damped if 0 p p 1
Un-damped if = 0

64

The corresponding functional forms are:

yxt B1e t 1 B2 e t 2 Over damped
yxt ( B1 B2 )e t

Cri tcally damped

yxt Be t cos(d t ) Under damped

yxt B cos(d t ) Un-damped
B1 , B2 , B, & are constant to be
determined by initial conditions y(0+ )
and dy(0+ ) / dt
65

1,2

1
1

S1,2 ( 2 1) 0

1/ 0
=0

-1
S1 =S2 = 0

d 0 1 2
ySS y ()
66

Procedure to find response to sudden

change of cct in its SS condition:
(1) Find y(0+ ) & dy(0+ ) / dt
using continuty rules for L & C.
(2) Find y(), usinng SS condition;
C acts as open & L acts as short.,

67

(3) Find & 0

If the cct is reduce able to series form:

0 1/ LC & =(1/2)R eq C/L

If the cct is reduce able to parallel form:

0 1/ LC & =(1/2)/(R eq C/L )

If it is neither straight series nor parallel.
then find out differential eq and compair it
with standered form to find 0 & .
(4) For the value of select the form of
solution.Calculate the values of constants.
68

EXERCISE9.7: Find v(t ).

SOLUTION:

(1) v(0 ) vC (0 )
4

vC (0 )=
25=16V
4+2.25

dv(0 ) dvC (0 ) i (0 ) 0

0
dt
dt
C
C
Note the change in values

69

SOLUTION:9.7
(2) By inspection: v()=25V
(3) R eq =2k25,
0 =

1
LC

1
910 (1/90)10
-3

=10 rad/S
5

-6

-6
1
1
10
= R C/L = 2.25103
=1.25
2
2
90910-3
70

Solution 9.7:Q f 1 Respnse is over damped.

y (t 0 ) B1et / 1 B2 e t / 2 y (), and;
1 =
1 =

1
(- 2 -1)0
1
(+ 2 -1)0

=20S,&
=5S

(4)Applying 1st initial condition,with y()=25:

y (0 ) B1e0 B2 e0 25 16,
B1 B2 9 (1),
71

Solution 9.7: Applying 2nd initial condition to:

y(t 0+ )=B1e-t/1 +B2 e-t/2 +y()
dy(t) -B1e-t/1 -B2 e-t/2
=
dt
1
2
dy(0+ ) -B1 -B2 -B1 -B2
=
=
=0
dt
1 20S
5S
2
B1 +4B2 =0 (2)
From (1) & (2) we get: B1 =-12, & B2 =3
72

Solution 9.7: The response is:

y(t p 0 )=16V
y(t f 0 )=-12e-t/20S 3et / 5 S 25
3(et / 5 S 4e-t/20S ) 25

73

y(t 0- )=16V y(t 0+ )=-12e-t/20S +3e-t/5S +25

74

y(t 0- )=16V y(t 0+ )=-12e-t/20S +3e-t/5S +25

75

EXERCISE 9.8: Find i(t )

Solution:
(1) i (0 ) i(0 ) 6 A5
di (0 ) vL (0 ) vC (0 ) vC (0 )

0
dt
L
L
L
12
(2) By inspection i()=
6.5=3.12A
12+13
(3) 0 =(1/ LC )=1/ 0.3(1/3)10-3 =100rad/S
(4) R eq 12 13 25
1
1
1
1
(5) =
=
=0.6
2 R eq C/L 2 25 (1/3)10-3 /0.3

76

Solution 9.8
(6) 0 0.6 100 60
(7) d =0 1-2 =100 1-(.6)2 =80
(8) Q p 1 Response is under damped.
i (t ) Be t cos(d t ) y ()
(9) 1st initial condition:
i (0 ) Be0 cos(0 ) 3.12 6.5
B cos( ) 3.38 (1)
77

Solution 9.8
(10) 2nd initial condition:
di(t)
=B -d e-t sin(d t+)-e-t cos(d t+)
dt
di(0+ )
=B -80e0 sin()-60e0 cos() 0
dt
tan 60 / 80 36.870
B 3.38 / cos(36.87) 4.225
78

Solution 9.8: Total response:

i (0 ) 6 A5
i(t 0+)=4.225e-60t cos(80t-36.87)+3.12A

=1/60=16.66mS
T=2 /0 2 / 80 2(22 / 7) / 80 78,57 mS
36.87
80t
0 t 8mS
180
3
-60

10
ip 4.225e
+3.12A5.734=5.7
79

i(t 0+)=4.225e-60t cos(80t-36.87)+3.12A

i(t=0)=4.225e0 cos(-36.87)+3.12=6.5
For the 1st +ve peak value:
t=(78.57/360)36.87=8mS
-608103

i(peak)=4.225e

1 3.12 5.7
80

i (0 ) 6 A5
i(t 0+)=4.225e-60t cos(80t-36.87)+3.12A

81

EXERCISE 9.9: Find v(t 0 ).

82

Solution 9.9:
By superposition:
1
1
1

+
v(0 )=
6vC (0 )iL (0+ ) 3V
1+1 1+1
1+1
dv(0 )
1 dvC (0 ) 1 diL (0 )

dt
2
dt
2 dt
1 iC (0 ) vL (0+ )
1 6/2 3

+ =-3V
=-
2 C
L
2 1 1
v() 0V

83

vS vR1 vC v
d 2 vS

d 2 i d dvC d 2 v
R1

dt
dt dt dt
dt
d 2 i 1 di d 2 v
R1

dt C dt
dt
d 2 i 1 di d 2 v
1

(1)
dt 1 dt
dt

84

diL

d
v vL L
L
dt
dt

v
i
R2

di
di 1 dv
1 dv
L

dt R2 dt
dt 1 dt
di
dv
v
(2)
dt
dt

85

di
dv
v
(2)
dt
dt
Subisituting (2) in
d 2 vS

d 2 i di d 2 v

(1)
dt
dt
dt
dt
d 2 vS
d
dv
dv
d 2v

(v
) (v
)
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
d 2 v dv 1
1 d 2 vS

v
dt
dt 2
2 dt
86

2v
d
d v dv 1
1
S
v
dt dt 2
2 dt
Copairing this with:
2

d2 y (t )
dy (t )
20
02 y (t ) 20 y ()
dt 2
dt
0 1/ 2 : & 1/ 2
=0 =1/2; d =0 1- 2 =1/2, v()=0V

p 1 Response is under damped:

87

v (t 0 ) Be t cos(d t ) v()
1st initial condition:
v (0 ) B cos 3 (A)
dv
B -e-t cos(d t+)-d e-t sin(d t+)
dt
dv(0 )
B co( ) d sin( ) 3 (B)
dt
0.5(cos +sin )
3
From eqns A & B;

Bcos
3
450 and B=3 2
v (t 0 ) 3 2 e t / 2 cos(t / 2 450 )
88

 ) 3 2 e t / 2 cos(t / 2 450 )
v
(
t

0
v(0 )=3V

89

 ) 3 2 e t / 2 cos(t / 2 450 )
v
(
t

0
v(0 )=3V

2
2
2
=2f=
T=
=
=4=12.56637S
T (1/2)
T
T 4
360 T t =
45= =
=1.57S
360
8
8
90

9.3 STEP RESPONSE OF 2nd ORDER CCT

Most of the practical cct can be reduced to 2nd
order. Even higher order ccts behave
predominantly as 2nd order.
Specifications are gernally given interms of 2nd
order step response.
We will investigate step response of a RLC cct.
91

After cct reaching SS, it is subjected to

vi Vm for t f 0
vi 0

for t p 0

By continuity rules:
v0 (0 ) vC (0 ) v0 (0 ) 0
dv0 (0 )
dt

dvC (0 )

iL (0 )

vo ( SS )

dt

iC (0 )
C

iL (0 )

0
C
C
C
vI () RiR () vL () Vm -R0-0=Vm
92

Undamped natural frq =0 1/ LC

Damping ratio = =(1/2)R L/C
Step response=v0 (t 0 ) v0( xt ) Vm (1)
Depending on the value of the response
will take on of the four forms.
If f 1 the repose will be over damped

1,2

1
1

(2)
S1,2 ( 2 1) 0
93

Subsituting yxt B1et 1 B2 et 2

in eqn (1) and using initial conditions
v0 (0 ) 0 & dv0 (0+ )/dt=0, we get:
B1 =

Vm1

1 2

&B2 =

Vm 2

2 1

1
2

2
v0 (t 0 ) Vm (1
e
+
et 2 )
2 1
1 2
94

y (t 0 ) B1e t 1 B2 e t 2 Vm
Using 1st cond, y(0+ ) 0 :
B1 +B2 =-Vm

(1)

Using 1st cond, dy(0+ ) / dt 0 :

B
B

0 (2)
1 2
From eqn (1) & (2) we get:
B1 =

Vm1

1 2

&B2 =

Vm 2

2 1
95

EXERCISE 9.10: Specify

R for over damped response
with =1.25. Find value of
response, 10 S after the application of 10V step.
Solution:
1
1
0 =
=
=105 rad/S
LC
1010-3 10-3 1010-9
1
= R C/L =1.25
2
1.25 L
10 103
R=
=2.5
2k 5
0.5 C
10 109
96

Solution 9.10 1,2 =

1
( 2 -1)0

1 =20S, & 2 =5S

1
2
4
1
&

2 1
3
1 2
3
1 -1
2 -t
+
v0 (t 0 )=Vm (1+
e 2 +
e 2)
2 -1
1 -2
4 -1 20S 1 -t 5S
10(1- e
+ e )
3
3
4 -t/20S 1 -t 5S
v0 (t=10S )=10(1- e
+ e )=2.364V
3
3

97

1 -t/5S 4 -t/20S
y (t ) 10 1+ e
e

3
3

98

Solution 9.10 An alternative solution:

y (t ) A1e-t/1 +A2 e-t/2 +y()
)
d
y
(0
y (0 ) 0 &
0
dt
1st initial condition: A1 +A 2 =-10

A1
A2
dy (t )

dt
1
2
2nd initial condition:
A1

A2

20 S
5 S
A1 4 A2 0

0
99

Solution 9.10
:A1 +A2 0
A1 +4A2 0
A1 (40 / 3) & A2 (10 / 3)
40 -t/20S 10 -t/5S
y (t )
e
+
e
+10
3
3

1 -t/5S 4 -t/20S
=10 1+ e
e

3
3

100

1 -t/5S 4 -t/20S
y(t ) 10 1+ e
e
3
3

1 -10S/5S 4 -10S/20S
y(t=10S)=10 1+ e
- e

3
3

=2.364V
101

If =1, v0( xt ) will be critically damped

with =1/0
Subsituting yxt ( B1 B2 t )e t in
v0 (t 0 ) v0( xt ) Vm and using
initial conditions
v0 (0 ) 0 & dv0 (0 ) / dt , we get:
t t
v0 (t 0 ) Vm 1 (1 )e

102

y (t 0 ) ( B1 B2 t )e t Vm
Using 1st initial condition y(0+ ) 0 :
B1 =-Vm
Using 2nd initial condition dy(0+ )/dt 0 :
B2
B2

B1 =B2 =-Vm

103

y t /

y 1

y 1 t /

y et /

y 1 t /

t t /
y (1 )e

104

y 1

t t /
y (1 )e

t t /
y 1 (1 )e

105

Exercise 9.11: Specify

R to have =1. Hence
find the value of
response at 10 S
after the application of step pulse.
1
Solution: R C / L R=2
2

L
C

1010-3
R=21
=2K
1010-9
106

0 =1/ LC =1/ 1010-3 1010-9 =105

1/ 0 1/105 10 S
t t
v0 (t 0 ) Vm 1 (1 )e

t
v0 (t 0 ) 10 1 (1
)e t
10 S

10 S -10/10
v(t=10 S)=10 1-(1+
)e V
10 S

=2.642V

107

Alternative solution:
y (t 0 ) ( B1 B2 t )e t Vm
y (t 0 ) ( B1 B2 t )e t 10
y (t=0+ )=B1 +10=0 B1 =-10
dy (t)/dt=B2 e-t +(B1 +B2 t)(-1/)e-t

dy (t=0)/dt=B2 +B1 (-1/)=0

B2 =B1 / =-10/
y (t 0+ )=(-10+(-10/)t)e-t +10

y (t 0 )=10 1-(1+ )e

-t

108

COMPARISSION (CRITICALLY DAMPED) :

(1) Step response of critically damped RLC
with that of RC ccts having same :
RC: v0 (t 0 ) Vm (1 et ),
Its initial slope =

dv0 (0 )

Vm

dt

i.e. it starts rising imediately.

0,

109

COMPARISSION (CRITICALLY DAMPED) :

For RLC : y (t 0 )=Vm 1-(1+ )e

t -t
dy(t)
t
1 -t
Vm
e (1+ )( )e
dt

t -t
dy(t)
t -t
t -t
Vm
e e )e
dt

-t

dv0 (t 0 )
t -t
dy(t)
Vm ( )e
0
dt
dt

i.e. some initial delay in rising. This is due to

chocking actio of L.
110

(2) RLC response is slower than that of RC.

At t = ,
For RC: v0 ( ) Vm (1 e1 ) 0.63Vm
For RLC: v0 ( ) Vm 1 (1 t / )e1 0.26Vm
This is also due to chocking action of L.

111

0 p p 1 Respose under damped

decaying sinusoid with :

=0 and d 0 1 2
subsituting in: yxt Be t cos(d t )
in v0 (t 0 ) Be t cos(d t ) Vm and using
initial conditions v0 (0+ )=0&dv0 (0+ )/dt=0 we get:
vo (t 0 ) Vm ((1

e t
12

cos d t sin )
112

v0 (t 0 ) Be t cos(d t ) Vm
Usin 1st initial condition V0 (0 ) 0 :
BCos +Vm 0 (A)
Usin 2nd initial condition dV0 (0+ )/dt 0 :
dv0 /dt=-Bd e-t Sin(d t+)-Be-t cos(d t+)
dv0 (0+) /dt=Bd Sin()+Bcos()=0
-o
Sin -
-
=
=
=

Cos d o 1-2
1-2
Sin
1-Sin2

-
1-

Sin=- =-Sin-1 & Cos= 1- 2

113

-o
Sin -
-
= =
=

Cos d o 1-2
1-2
Sin

1-Sin2

-
1-

Sin=- =-Sin-1 & Cos= 1- 2

Subsituting Cos= 1-2 in eqn (A)

B 1- Vm 0 B
2

v0 (t 0 )

-Vm

1-

-Vm
1-2

-1
e t cos(d t Sin)
V

e t

-1
v0 (t 0 ) Vm 1
cos(d t Sin)
2

1-

114

EXERCISE 9.12: Assuming

C=1 F, specify suitable R
& L so that the roots of ch
eqn are S1,2 ( 4 3 j )103. Hence find the
cct response to 10V input step

115

Solution 9.12: Q S1,2 ( 4 3 j )103.

This is an under damped case
d = 310-3 & =410-3
0 = d2 +2 =510-3
0 =1/ LC L=1/02 C
L=1/(510-3 )1110-6 =40mH
=0 =/0 =410-3 /5103 =0.8
116

Solution 9.12
1
C
L
4010-3
= R
R=2
=20.8
=320
2
L
C
110-6
- t
e
v0 (t0+ )=Vm ((1cos d t-sin)
1-2
5 -4103
=10((1- e
cos( 3 103 t-sin0.8)
3
5 -4103
=10((1- e
cos (3 103 t-53.130 )
3
117

Alternative solution 9.12

v(t 0+ )=Ae-t Cos(d t+)+v(SS)
v(t 0+ )=Ae-t Cos(d t+)+10
v(t=0+ )=ACos()+10=0
dv(t)/dt=A -e-t Cos(d t+)-e-t d Sin(d t+)
dv(t=0)/dt=A -Cos()-d Sin() 0
Tan=-4/3 =-53.13
A=-10/Cos(-53.13)=-10/0.6=-50/3
v(t 0 )=(50/3)e
+

-4103 t

Cos(3 103 t+)+10

v(t 0+ )=10 1-(5/3)Cos(3 103 t+)

118

Smaller the
value of
the more
rapidly the
response rises.
For p 1
(1) Response
rises above Vm
Over shoot.
(2) After over shoot Ringing.
119

OVER SHOOT
vo (t 0 ) Vm ((1

e t
1 2

cos (d t sin )

Let B = -Vm / 1-2 & = -sin-1 then

vo (t 0 ) (Vm Be t cos (d t )
dv0
dt

B e t cos (d t ) d e t sin(d t )
120

OVER SHOOT
dv0
B e t cos (d t ) d e t sin(d t )
dt
But 0 ( sin )0 & d 0 1 2 (cos )0
dv0
dt
dv0
dt

B0 e t sin cos (d t ) cos sin(d t )

B0 e t Sin(d t ) B0 e t sin d t

121

dv0

B0 e t sin d t

dt
Wanishes for t= & d tn n
n
n
i.e.tn

, n=0.1.2,..
d 0 1 2
First max occurs at t1

0 1 2

Subsituting value of t1 in:

vo (t 0 ) Vm ((1

e t
12

cos (d t sin )
122

First max occurs at t1

0 1 2

Subsituting value of t1 in:

e t

vo (t 0 ) Vm ((1

12
1

vo (t1 0 ) Vm ((1

12
1

cos (d t sin )
exp(

0
0 1 2

)cos (

0 1 2 ( )
0 1 2

vo (t1 ) Vm 1
exp(
)cos( )
2
2

123

vo (t1 0 ) Vm ((1

12

exp(

0
0 1 2

)cos (

0 1 2 ( )
0 1 2

vo (t1 ) Vm 1
exp(
)cos( )
2
2

Q cos( ) cos 1 Sin2 1 2

vo (t1 ) Vm 1
exp(
)( 1 2 )
2
2

-
)
vo (t1 )=Vm 1+exp(
2

1-

124

Normalized over shoot=

OSnor =

V0 (t1 )-Vm
Vm

=exp(

-
1-2

Over shoot depends only on

damping ratio .
There is no over shoot for 1
But for 0 p p 1, smaller the value of
, larger the over shoot,

0, over shoot 100%

125

EXERCISE # 9.13: Calculate

the % over shoot as well as
the instant at which it occurs.

-
Solution: vo (t1 )=Vm 1+exp(
)
2

1-

-
OS=Vm 1+exp(
) Vm
2

1-

-
OS Vm exp(
)
1-2
126

Solution 9.13
OS Vm exp(
%OS=100Vm exp(
=100exp(
=100exp(

-
1-2
-
1-2

-
1-2

)
)/Vm

-(0.8)
1-(0.8)2

)=1.5%
127

Solution 9.13
0 =1/ LC =1/ 4010-3 110-6 =5KNp/S
t1 =

0 1-2

5103 1-(0.8)2

=1.746mS

128

SETTLING TIME (ts )

The time it takes an under damped reponse
to settle within a band Vm (1 )
It is the the time taken by +ve envelope to
decay to Vm (1 )

e t

-1
v0 (t 0 ) Vm 1
cos(d t Sin)
2

1-

-1
This will be max when cos(d t Sin)
1

Vm (1

1
12

e tS ) ; Vm (1 )
129

SETTLING TIME (t s )
Vm (1

1
12

e tS )

; Vm (1 )
e tS 1/ 1 2
tS

ln( 1 2 )

0
Smaller the value of & , the longer tS
For = 1 tS ln( ) / 0
130

EXERCISE # 9.14: Find

the time it takes for the
response to settle within
1mV of its final value.
Solution: Vm =10-3 V =10-3 /10=10-4
1
10-6
= R C/L =0.5320
=0.8
-3
2
4010
0 =1/ LC =1/ 4010-3 10-6 =4KNp/S
OSn =exp(

-
1-2

)=exp(

-(0.8)
1-(0.8)2

)=0.015 or 1.5%

-1
-1
2
tS =
ln( 1- )=
ln(10-4 1-(0.8)2 )=2.43m
131
0
0.85103