All IP Cellular Network,

3G and Beyond

y2k@yonsei.ac.kr
ykim@nasla.yonsei.ac.kr
2123-2861

Trends of Network Evolution

Wireless
2G

Wireline
3G

ALL IP
Network

packet
(Voip)

circuit

Tremendous Growth in Data Traffic

Its not a choice but an inevitable trend

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Advantage of All IP Structure

Single network that represents the convergence of multiple
independent networks (voice, data, video) into a single
unified network
Operational efficiencies of a single integrated network
Facilitate new service development and implementation
Shorten time-to-market for new services
Seamless deployment of voice services across packet
network
Distributed networking model for scalability, performance,
and reliability

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3G Standard Activities
3GPP (1)
Global specifications for GSM/MAP network evolution to
3G and the UTRA RTT
Almost Mature Standards

3GPP2
Global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 network
evolution to 3G and global specifications for the RTTs
supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41
Standards under development

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ALL IP Network
standardization efforts

ARIB/TTC

3GPP
Panasonic

ETSI

Mitsubishi
Docomo

3GPP2
ANSI/TIA

Fusitsu

Hitachi

Nokia

NEC

Qualcomm

IETF

Erricson
BT
AT&T

3G.IP

Lucent

Cisco

Toshiba
Telcordia
Vodafone

Nortel
Motorola

Sprint/PCS

MWIF
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Generic All IP Network

Architecture
Legacy
App

Application
servers

Other
Networks

HSS

Packet
GW

SA RTS

Packet Public
Data Network

WCCA

3G
RAN

1G/2G
RAN

IP Core
Signalling
GW

3G RAN
GW

1G/2G
GW

Trunk
GW

Signalling
Network

PSTN
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Key components of all IP

architecture
Radio Network
The Core Packet Network
The Call Control
Gateways to mobile systems and to external
networks
The Service architecture

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3GPP
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project
Development of 3rd generation cellular systems based on
GSM architecture
GSM
GPRS
WCDMA
EDGE

Supported by several regional standardization bodies :

ETSI (Europe)
ARIB, TTC (Japan)
CWTS (China)
T1 (U.S.)
TTA (Korea)

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All-IP wireless network

discussed in 3GPP : History

[July 99] 3GPP All-IP network feasibility study started

[Sept 99] TSG-S2 R00 AdHoc submitted results of the TSG-S2 for
approval
[Oct 99] After TSG-S2 approval, TSG-S2 R00 AdHoc Group results
were submitted to TSG-SA for approval to be the first Spec.
[Oct 99] After TSG-SA approval, Project planning work for R00
(including All-IP option) was started at TSG-S2 project planning
AdHoc groups.
[Dec 99] After TSG-S2 approval, the detailed workplan for R00
(including All-IP network option) was submitted to TSG-SA for
approval.
[Jan 00 - Dec 00] Work within 3GPP TSGs and WGs proceed
according to the TSG-SA approved R00 Project plan.
[Dec 00] Release 00 specifications completed including All-IP
option.

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3GPP All-IP wireless network

reference architecture : Option1 Option 1 is based on packet technologies and IP
telephony for simultaneous real time and non real
time services.

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3GPP All-IP wireless network

reference architecture : Option2Option 2 is to support of release 99 CS domain terminals.
Option 2 also supports the IP based services of option 1.

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3GPP Signaling Protocol Stack

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Features of 3GPP All-IP

GPRS-based
Mobility management - GSN+HSS(=HLR)
Call control - Further study (H.323 and SIP are used as examples)
Compatibility with existing networks - Support of CS domain GSM
terminals
QoS support - GPRS QoS support scheme even if call control protocols
are introduced
Support of EDGE
Handover and Roaming - Supported
Within UMTS R00 IP network
Between All-IP and CS domain/GSM
AirLink Optimization for Real-Time IP - Header
compression/decompression and Header stripping /regeneration for
IP/UDP/RTP stack
Security - For Further study

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3GPP2
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
Development of 3rd generation cellular systems
as
evolution of ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 networks
Supported by several regional standardization
bodies :
ARIB, TTC (Japan)
CWTS (China)
TIA (U.S.)
TTA (Korea)

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3GPP2 Organization
Steering Committee
Technical Specification Group
TSG-A (A-Interface System)
TSG-C (cdma2000)
TSG-P (Wireless Packet Data Interworking)
TSG-R (Interface of 3GPP Radio Access Technology to
3G Core Network evolved from ANSI-41)
TSG-S (Service and System Aspects)
TSG-N (ANS-41/WIN)

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3GPP2 All-IP wireless network

discussed in 3GPP2

[Nov 99] All-IP AdHoc was formed in TSG-S to develop an overview of

related objects, requirements, issues, and recommendations by
January 2000 TSG-S meeting
[Dec 99] 1st TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in HI to output initial
Recommendations
[Jan 00] 2nd TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in CA to output conclusions of the
adhoc group
Phase-1 : All-IP Network Reference Model (NRM), Stage 1, 3GPP2 workplan
Phase-2 : Stage2 and 3 development
A desire for an all IP network architecture common between 3GPP and
3GPP2
Use of the IETF IP protocols whenever possible

[Feb 00] 3rd TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in CA Discussion on NRM proposals

and workplan
[Mar 00] 4th TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in JapanSteering Committee

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3GPP2 All-IP wireless network

proposals
Lucent
CISCO
Ericsson
Sun
Telcordia/TOSHIBA
Potential participants : Sprint PCS, Motorola,
Samsung,Nokia, Vodafone/Airtouch, Sony, 3COM,
GTE, Nortel, Bell Atrantic Mobile, Qualcomm,
LGIC, IDO, SK Telcom, LG Telecom, Hyndai, NEC,
KDD, DDI, Fujitsu, Oki, Ericsson

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposal

Lucent

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3GPP2 UMTS/EDGE/cdma2000
Common All-IP NRM proposal,
Lucent

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Common concept of All-IP

NRM Lucent

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposal

CISCO

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposal

Ericsson

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposal

Telcordia and Toshiba

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CDMA2000 Phased NRM

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Features of 3GPP2 All-IP

Mobile-IP-based [All proposals]
Mobility management - L2 mechanism [Sun] or IP-based
mobility management [Cisco] for micromobility and MobileIP for macromobility [All proposals]
Call control - TBD (H.323[Lucent], SIP[Lucent,
Telcordia,TOSHIBA])
Compatibility with existing networks - Support TSG-P
network
QoS support - Requirement
Proposal to support UMTS and EDGE (Lucent)
Handover and Roaming - TBD
AirLink Optimization for Real-Time IP - Requirement
Security - RequirementGPRS-based

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IETF
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
Working group [IP routing for wireless/mobile hosts (Mobile
IP)]
Extension and improvement of Mobile IP
Route optimization in Mobile IP
Mobility support in IPv6
Mobile IP regional registration
Revised Tunneling for Mobile IP
Micromobility support
Mobile IP based micro mobility management protocol in the
third generation
Cellular IP
Mobile IP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
requirements
Adaptation to wireless network
Requirements on Mobile IP from a cellular perspective
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MWIF
MWIF - Mobile Wireless Internet Forum
Drive an Open Internet-based architecture that
enables seamless integration of mobile telephony and IP-based
Services (voice, data, video, web, etc.) for the mobile wireless
networks, and
is independent of the Air interface

Influence and align standards with target architecture

Act as driver that is complementary to the existing standards
working groups and provide a common voice of global operators
Is operator/service provider driven
Supported by around 50 companies, which includes
Vendors
CISCO, Motorola, 3COM, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, Lucent, Nokia,
Nortel, Qualcomm, Siemens, Sony, Sun, etc.
Providers
Vodafone AirTouch, DDI, SprintPCS, IDO, Bell Atlantic Mobile,
Telstra, etc.IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

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3G.IP
Consists of BT, AT&T, Ericsson, Nokia, Nortel,
etc.
Target radio system : GPRS-based TDMA and
CDMA
Interim network standards established by the end
of 2000, which include both circuit-switched and
packet data Elements

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3G.IP
Consists of BT, AT&T, Ericsson, Nokia, Nortel,
etc.
Target radio system : GPRS-based TDMA and
CDMA
Interim network standards established by the end
of 2000, which include both circuit-switched and
packet data Elements

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Comparison of 3GPP & 3GPP2

Fundamental network
configuration

3GPP

3GPP2

GPRS

Mobile-IP (All)

Mobility management (MM) GSN+HSS=(GPRS MM)

L2 Mechanism [Sun, etc.] or IP-based MM [CISCO] for

micromobility, Mobile-IP for macromobility [All]

Call Control

Further study (H.323,

SIP)

H.323 [Lucent], SIP [Lucent, Telcordia,TOSHIBA]

Compatibility with existing

networks

Support of CS domain
GSM terminals

Support TSG-P (ANSI-41 base) network

QoS support

GPRS QoS scheme

Requirement only

Support of other radio

systems

EDGE

UMTS and EDGE [Lucent]

Handover and Roaming

Supported

TBD

AirLink Optimization for

Real-Time IP

Header compression and

striping

Requirement only

Security

Further study

Requirement only

Current Specification Status

detailed version by the

end of 2000

Proposals and
discussion

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OPEN ISSUES
Current Status

Goal

Mobility management

GPRS, L2 mechanism,
Mobile-IP,
IP-Protocol based micro mobility

IP-Protocol based unified

and single mobility
management protocol

QoS support

GPRS QoS support

scheme

IP-centric QoS gurantee

scheme

Call control

H.323, SIP

Appropriate protocols in
cellular environments

Roaming

Roaming gateway,
remote AAA, regional
Mobile IP registering

Distributed authentication

Harmonization of different
approach

Different approach
(GPRS vs. Mobile-IP)

development of
appropriate hooks

AirLink Optimization

Header
compression/stripping

More efficient
transmission scheme
compatible with existing
IP protocols

Support of circuit switching

QoS Support

More flexible and efficient

QoS control

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Post 2001 Architectures

Time Frame 1
Separate Voice and Data Networks but integrated Access
TIA PN-4286 Network Architecture

Time Frame 2
Combined Voice over IP and IP networks for both access and
backbone networks
Voice and IP combined in Network
Voice and IP combined in Access
Voice is sent over IP instead of using PCM

IP Network Options
H.323: Cisco, HP, Sonus
MGCP: Cisco, Lucent, Nortel, Sonus, Telcordia
SIP: 3Com, Cisco, Ericsson, Lucent, Nortel
MEGACO authors: FORE, Gotham, Lucent, Nortel, Telcordia

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Protocol Stack

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LINK LAYER (TULIP)

Transport Unaware Link Improvement Protocol
A candidate of solution for interfering problem
between RLP and TCP
Proposed at University of California, Santa Cruz

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LINK LAYER (TULIP)

Transport Unaware Link Improvement Protocol
A candidate of solution for interfering problem
between RLP and TCP
Proposed at University of California, Santa Cruz
Service aware, not protocol aware (Looking into
TCP headers is not necessary)
Reliable service TCP data
Unreliable service UDP data, TCP ACKs*
Subsequent cumulative ACKs supersede the
information in the lost ACK

Periodical transmission with time interval using

RLP layer buffer
The time interval equal to propagation delay at Link layer
Decrease temporal deviation of transmission speed
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Network Layer

Mobility Management
Mobile IP
HAWAII
Cellular IP
HMMP
GPRS Mobility Management
CDPD Mobility Management

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Network Layer

Mobility Management

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Beyond 3G
OFDM & Dynamic Packet Assignment
Transmission rate of 2-5Mbps in macrocell, 10Mbps and
above in microcells

Iceberg (UC-Berkeley)
Potentially Any Network Services (PANS): beyond just the
two party telephone call service; requires a network/device
independent system
Personal Mobility: person as communication endpoint;
requires a single identity for an individual iUID
Service Mobility: seamless mobility across different devices
in the middle of a service session
Easy Service Creation and Customization
Scalability, Availability and Fault Tolerance
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Conclusions
ALL IP network : plenty of technologies and
migration path unresolved
Many promise for ALL IP common network
Many research issues for 3G/4G Network
architecture

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